부산대학교 도서관

Tai, YK; Ng, C; Purnamawati, K; Yap, JLY; Yin, JN; Wong, C; Patel, BK; Soong, PL; Pelczar, P; Frohlich, J; Beyer, C; Fong, CHH; Ramanan, S; Casarosa, M; Cerrato, CP; Foo, ZL; Selvan, RMP; Grishina, E; Degirmenci, U; Toh, SJ; Richards, PJ; Mirsaidi, A; Wuertz-Kozak, K; Chong, SY; Ferguson, SJ; Aguzzi, A; Monici, M; Sun, L; Drum, CL; Wang, JW; Franco-Obregon, A

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 34(8):11143-11167

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The British journal of surgery. 106(2):E103-E112

Wong CJK; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore; Institute of Health Technology and Innovation (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore.; Tai YK; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore; Institute of Health Technology and Innovation (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore. Electronic address: surtaiyk@nus.edu.sg.; Yap JLY; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore; Institute of Health Technology and Innovation (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore.; Fong CHH; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore; Institute of Health Technology and Innovation (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore.; Loo LSW; Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, ASTAR, The Nanos, #06-01, 31 Biopolis Way, 138669, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore.; Kukumberg M; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore.; Fröhlich J; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore; Fields at Work GmbH, Zurich 8032, Switzerland.; Zhang S; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Li JZ; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore.; Wang JW; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.; Rufaihah AJ; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore; School of Applied Sciences, Temasek Polytechnic, 529757, Singapore.; Franco-Obregón A; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore; Institute of Health Technology and Innovation (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore. Electronic address: suraf@nus.edu.sg.

Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8100316 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-5905 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01429612 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biomaterials Subsets: MEDLINE

Tai YK; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Chan KKW; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Fong CHH; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Ramanan S; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Yap JLY; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Yin JN; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Yip YS; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Tan WR; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Koh APF; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Tan NS; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Chan CW; Division of General Surgery (Breast Surgery), Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.; Division of Surgical Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore.; Huang RYJ; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Li JZ; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Fröhlich J; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Fields at Work GmbH, Zürich, Switzerland.; Institute of Electromagnetic Fields, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland.; Franco-Obregón A; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.

Publisher: Frontiers Research Foundation] Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101568867 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 2234-943X (Print) Linking ISSN: 2234943X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Oncol Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE

Tai YK; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Chan KKW; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Fong CHH; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Ramanan S; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Yap JLY; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Yin JN; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Yip YS; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Tan WR; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Koh APF; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Tan NS; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Chan CW; Division of General Surgery (Breast Surgery), Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.; Division of Surgical Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore.; Huang RYJ; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Li JZ; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Fröhlich J; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Fields at Work GmbH, Zürich, Switzerland.; Institute of Electromagnetic Fields , ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland.; Franco-Obregón A; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.

Publisher: Frontiers Research Foundation] Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101568867 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 2234-943X (Print) Linking ISSN: 2234943X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Oncol Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE

Kurth F; Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bioanalytics Group, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland.; Tai YK; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.; BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.; Parate D; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.; BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.; van Oostrum M; Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.; Schmid YRF; Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bioanalytics Group, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland.; Toh SJ; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.; BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.; Yap JLY; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.; BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.; Wollscheid B; Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.; Othman A; Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.; Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.; Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland.; Dittrich PS; Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bioanalytics Group, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland.; Franco-Obregón A; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.; BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.; Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, iHealthtech, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.

Publisher: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 101711718 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 2366-7478 (Print) Linking ISSN: 23667478 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Adv Biosyst Subsets: MEDLINE

Yap JLY; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Tai YK; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Fröhlich J; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Institute for Electromagnetic Fields, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.; Fong CHH; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Yin JN; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Foo ZL; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Ramanan S; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Beyer C; Institute for Electromagnetic Fields, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.; Centre Suisse d'Électronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM SA), Neuchâtel, Switzerland.; Toh SJ; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Casarosa M; Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.; Bharathy N; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon, USA.; Kala MP; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Egli M; Institute of Medical Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland; and.; Taneja R; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Lee CN; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, iHealthtech, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Franco-Obregón A; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, iHealthtech, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

Publisher: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8804484 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1530-6860 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 08926638 NLM ISO Abbreviation: FASEB J Subsets: MEDLINE

Chong SQY; Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board (NParks), 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 259569, Singapore. stacy_chong@nparks.gov.sg.; Yeo D; Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board (NParks), 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 259569, Singapore.; Aidil NI; Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board (NParks), 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 259569, Singapore.; Ong JLY; Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board (NParks), 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 259569, Singapore.; Chan AHJ; Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board (NParks), 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 259569, Singapore.; Fernandez CJ; Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board (NParks), 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 259569, Singapore.; Lim BTM; Wildlife Management, National Parks Board (NParks), 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 259569, Singapore.; Khoo MDY; Wildlife Management, National Parks Board (NParks), 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 259569, Singapore.; Wong AMS; Wildlife Management, National Parks Board (NParks), 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 259569, Singapore.; Chang SF; Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board (NParks), 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 259569, Singapore.; Yap HH; Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board (NParks), 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 259569, Singapore.

Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101462774 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1756-3305 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 17563305 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Parasit Vectors Subsets: MEDLINE

Cook D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Deane A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Lauzier F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Zytaruk N; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Guyatt G; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Saunders L; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Hardie M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Heels-Ansdell D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Alhazzani W; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Marshall J; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Muscedere J; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Myburgh J; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; English S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Arabi YM; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Ostermann M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Knowles S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Hammond N; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Byrne KM; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Chapman M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Venkatesh B; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Young P; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Rajbhandari D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Poole A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Al-Fares A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Reis G; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Johnson D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Iqbal M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Hall R; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Meade M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Hand L; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Duan E; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Clarke F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Dionne JC; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Tsang JLY; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Rochwerg B; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Karachi T; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Lamontagne F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; D'Aragon F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; St Arnaud C; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Reeve B; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Geagea A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Niven D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Vazquez-Grande G; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Zarychanski R; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Ovakim D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Wood G; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Burns KEA; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Goffi A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Wilcox ME; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Henderson W; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Forrest D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Fowler R; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Adhikari NKJ; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Ball I; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Mele T; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Binnie A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Trop S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Mehta S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Morgan I; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Loubani O; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Vanstone M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Fiest K; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Charbonney E; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Cavayas YA; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Archambault P; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Rewa OG; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Lau V; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Kristof AS; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Khwaja K; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Williamson D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Kanji S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Sy E; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Dennis B; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Reynolds S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Marquis F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Lellouche F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Rahman A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Hosek P; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Barletta JF; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Cirrone R; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Tutschka M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Xie F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Billot L; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Thabane L; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Finfer S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Chia S; Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, PerkinElmer-GIS Centre for Precision Oncology, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.; Low JL; Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, PerkinElmer-GIS Centre for Precision Oncology, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.; Zhang X; Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, PerkinElmer-GIS Centre for Precision Oncology, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.; Kwang XL; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.; Chong FT; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.; Sharma A; Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, PerkinElmer-GIS Centre for Precision Oncology, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.; Bertrand D; Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, PerkinElmer-GIS Centre for Precision Oncology, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.; Toh SY; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.; Leong HS; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.; Thangavelu MT; Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, PerkinElmer-GIS Centre for Precision Oncology, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.; Hwang JSG; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore.; Lim KH; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore.; Skanthakumar T; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.; Tan HK; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore.; Su Y; Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, PerkinElmer-GIS Centre for Precision Oncology, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.; Hui Choo S; Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, PerkinElmer-GIS Centre for Precision Oncology, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.; Hentze H; Biological Resource Centre (BRC), ASTAR, 20 Biopolis Way, #07-01 Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore.; Tan IBH; Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, PerkinElmer-GIS Centre for Precision Oncology, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.; Lezhava A; Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, PerkinElmer-GIS Centre for Precision Oncology, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.; Tan P; Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, PerkinElmer-GIS Centre for Precision Oncology, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.; Tan DSW; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.; Periyasamy G; Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, PerkinElmer-GIS Centre for Precision Oncology, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.; Koh JLY; Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, PerkinElmer-GIS Centre for Precision Oncology, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.; Gopalakrishna Iyer N; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore. gopaliyer@nccs.com.sg.; DasGupta R; Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, PerkinElmer-GIS Centre for Precision Oncology, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore. dasguptar@gis.a-star.edu.sg.

Publisher: Nature Pub. Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101528555 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2041-1723 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20411723 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Commun Subsets: MEDLINE