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The effective ways of combating monopoly in business sphere in condition of digitalization: STARS International University 205 THE EFFECTIVE WAYS OF COMBATING MONOPOLY IN BUSINESS SPHERE IN CONDITION OF DIGITALIZATION NORQUVVATOVA MAKHBUBA, STARS International University studentMahbuba.norquvvatova@iclod.com SAIDOVA MARKHABO KHABIBULLO KIZI STARS International University PhD, Associate ProfessorE-mail: marhabo.uzb@mail.ru Abstract: In world practice, it is important to develop targeted strategies aimed at further improving the business environment, implementing active business projects to en-sure sustainable economic development, pursuing economic policies that have a positive effect on business development, conducting research aimed at using blockchain technol-ogy as well as ensuring interest in business development by state and society. The issues of doing business after the global crisis caused by the pandemic, statistical observation, and forecasting issues, statistical assessment of the impact of the pandemic on business entities, and improving methods of statistical analysis of business development process-es during and after the pandemic became important as never before. As a result of the conducted research, the authors have reached assessing quantitative and qualitative in-dicators of factors affecting business development processes has been developed, and software has been created that makes the accurate analyzes on the basis of blockchain of the data, a comprehensive analytical approach was developed based on statistical indica-tors characterizing business development trends in the country, in the SNA sectors, in the context of key industries and regions, multifactor empirical models were developed and forecast options for 2021-2026 were proposed using the scenario method. The theoretical approaches and the initial data used are taken from official sources, based on the data of business entities operating in Uzbekistan, proposals, and recommendations implemented in practice, statistical data of the State Committee on Statistics of the Republic of Uzbeki-stan, as well as primary data obtained during the study. The proposed blockchain stages in the business process accurately evaluate the results that meet the requirements of digital economy. Keywords: business process, blockchain, digital economy, empirical model, statistical data, growing economics, e-government, e-business, e-commerce. https://doi.org/10.47689/STARS.university-pp Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 206 INTRODUCTION Today’s highly competitive world, the operation of a market economy is insep- arably going to connect with a digital economy which is considered to be one of the main ways to a fast-growing economy and improve living standards in the national economy. That’s why governments set themselves an urgent task today and, in the future, to ensure the effective formation, functioning, and development of e-government, e-business, e-commerce, and other systems. E-government is a public administration system based on automating the entire set of management processes across the country and serving the purpose of significantly improving the efficiency of public administration and reducing the costs of social commu-nications for each member of society. The creation of e-government involves the construction of a nationally distributed public administration system that imple-ments the solution of a full range of tasks related to document management and processing processes. This system effectively manages government organizations and provides the public with fast and efficient administrative services through the electronic systematization of knowledge and information inside and outside gov-ernment organizations. In other words, e-government can be called a government in the knowledge and information society, which uses information technology to innovate in administrative work and provide high-quality administrative services to the population effectively. The tasks of e-government include the electronic processing of public services, electronic processing of electronic transactions be-tween people and business-to-business (G2C, G2B), as well as electronic process-ing of intra-government information. Business processing of internal government agencies and intergovernmental business (G2G), namely the creation of a state informatization fund. It is the government that increases significantly the produc-tivity and efficiency of administrative work by integrating the administrative infor-mation system into a high-speed information and communication network. Business is considered key to economic performance in creating innovative changes and operating facilities of manufacturing, utilities, and social infrastruc-ture, as well as providing public benefits and services, through developing of these sectors new jobs are created, productivity and competitiveness are increased, pov-erty is alleviated and societal goals are achieved, in particular by helping specific population groups to help themselves. They play a crucial role in the formation and development of the Uzbek economy. Every year normative acts are adopted in particular fields in our country. Newly adopted and long-acting solutions some-times come into conflict with each other because of intensively changing econom-ic conditions. Confirming certain conditions and opportunities of Uzbekistan, our authorities are still searching for ways to modernize and develop infrastructure. In that way, small businesses and private entrepreneurship assist to achieve the par-ticular goal as well as have great importance for overcoming poverty, accumulat-ing human capital, and increasing the welfare of the country and adopting quickly for changing economic conditions. Usage of blockchain technology in business processes can avoid common pitfalls like inexperienced management, and lack of financial stability, small businesses suffer a mortality rate significantly higher than that of larger, more established businesses primarily because of limited resources, poor operations STARS International University 207 management, lack of experience, poor financial management, over-investing in fixed assets, poor credit practices, failure to plan, inappropriate location, lack of inventory control and etc. Nowadays all business owners it is needed to use digitalization by knowing their business in depth, developing a solid busi-ness plan, managing financial resources, understanding financial statements, and learning to manage people effectively. As the private sector is attracted to providing public benefits and services in the infrastructure sector, so in its usage of blockchain technology plays an important structural and dynamic role in all economies. Figure 1. Key components of the business In conclusion from the above considerations, an authorial definition has been developed based on a study of the approaches expressed by scientists to the concept of business. According to him, “Business is a type of business activity of individuals and legal entities in the system of market relations, as well as ac-tivities aimed at generating income and other positive benefits in the field of production and services. “This is stated in Article 3 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On guarantees of freedom of entrepreneurial activity”. It differs from the definition of “entrepreneurial activity aimed at gaining income (profit)” as an activity aimed not only at economic benefits but also at positive social and spiritual benefits [19]. Today, there is also a fanciful type of business that reflects creativity and innovation, unique approaches in the minds of people. A funky business is a type of business that goes beyond certain patterns, requires new Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 208 innovations, and changes the form of management. It was noted that Facebook, Amazon, Apple, Netflix, and Google, which are mainly large companies in this business, have a unique and unique role. It should be noted that these high-tech giants have further developed despite the pandemic, and the total revenue has increased by 40%. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS Business activities add to the development of Japan, both externally and in- ternally. Internal factors include the size, the amount and its distribution, tech-nological degree, the method of labor organization, evaluation policy, and so on. External factors are the factors that arise in the external environment: the market environment and the competitive environment, the behavior of suppliers and con-sumers, natural and climatic conditions, socio-economic factors, the state, and the legal framework. Taking into account the structural and interaction laws of these factors, it is expedient for the business entity to conduct a comprehensive analy-sis, and study the market situation in their own country and the market of foreign countries. The STEEPLE (social, technological, economic, environmental, social, legal, and ethical) analysis tool is used to analyze, evaluate, and study the business environ-ment that influences business development. This tip is sometimes referred to as PESTLE, which means the same thing when a moral twist is dropped. STEEPLE analysis produces the following macalalap: During the study, a questionnaire was developed to assess the factors affect- ing business development based on the STEEPLE analysis, and all of these fac-tors were evaluated by experts. The survey suggested evaluating the weight of a group of seven factors proposed on a five-point scale to assess the factors influ-encing business development, ranking the key indicators for which each factor is assessed [20]. CONCLUSION To further develop business in Uzbekistan, to study the knowledge and capa- bilities of each person in doing business, to study the problems of doing business financing, to take measures to help them, and to create a number of business op-portunities: Improving the economic and statistical analysis of a business is one of the measures aimed at improving the analysis and planning of economic activity of business entities, the importance of monitoring, studying and forecasting busi-ness development using economic and mathematical models. The author’s defini-tion is developed on “Business is an activity of individuals and legal entities in the system of market relations, aimed at earning income and other positive results in the field of production and service” after the basis of the research of approaches to business and entrepreneurship by scientists. In a survey based on the STEEPLE analysis, Kendall’s concordance coefficient was used to assess the weight of seven groups of factors on a five-point scale to qualitatively assess the factors influenc-ing business development. STARS International University 209 References 1. President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev appeal to the Oliy Majlis 25.01.2020 // HTTPS: //uza.uz/oz/zolitics and http://library.ziyonet.uz. 2. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of February 7, 2017 In- ternational PF–4947 “On Action Strategy for Further Development of Uzbekistan” // www.Uz. 3. Saidova M.X. “Business and development of business and its development in the country”, Economics and Innovative Technologies “№1.-Tu, January-February 2017. http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/WBG/DoingBusiness/Documents/An- nual-Reports/English/ Doing Business 2020: Reforms Propel Uzbekistan to Place Among World’s Top 20 Business Climate Improvers.pdf; Saidova M.Х. The granted opportunities for promotion business and their results in Uzbekistan // “Халқаро молия ва ҳисоб” илмий электрон журнали. 2017. –№2 – 1-10 б. (08.00.00; №19) Saidova M.Х. Embeddedness and growth of business in Uzbekistan//Interna- tional Scientific Journal Theoretical & Applied Science Philadelphia, USA. 2019. – Vol.71, Issue 03. – 441-447 p. (GIF-0.56, SJIF-5.667) Gafurov U., Khamidova Z. Theoretical and methodological basis of research on the development of handicraft activity in the economic policy of Amir Temur. Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 11, Issue-07, 2019. 951-965 pp. (SCOPUS bace, Q3, H-index 0,13 SJR). Khamidova Z. Land ownership relations in the economic policy of Amir Temur and Timurides. International Scientific Journal. Theoretical & Applied Science. GIF-0.564. Philadelphia, USA. 2018. Published: 30.11.2018. 174-178 p. Gafurov U., Khamidova Z. Theoretical and methodological basis of the nature study and characteristics of craft work. Economics and Innovative Technologies. Tashkent state university of economy. Vol. 2019, No. 5, september-october. 76-82 pp. http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/WBG/DoingBusiness/Documents/An- nual-Reports/English/ Doing Business 2020: Reforms Propel Uzbekistan to Place Among World’s Top 20 Business Climate Improvers.pdfAbdurakhmanova, G.K, Gaibnazarov, S.G, Shayusupuva, N.T, Fayziyeva, D.S, Tursunov B.O. Methodical as-pects of establishing a control system over compliance with principles of decent work and social security in textile enterprises. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control System, 2020, 12(5), pp. 73–81 Abdurakhmanov, K.K, Umurzakov, B.K, Zokirova, N.K, Ugli, T.N.B., Abdura- khmanova, G.K. Impact of demographic processes on the labor market of Uzbeki-stan. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 2019, 8(3 Spe-cial Issue), pp. 572–576 4. Abdurakhmanov K.K., Mukhitdinov, E.M., Grishin, V.I., Abdurakhmanova, G.K., Kuchkarov, G.F. Labor migration of the population and evaluation of supply chain on the labor market. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 2019, 8(2), pp. 896–907 Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 210 5. Burkhanov, A., Bakhodirovna, B.D. Evaluation of economic potential of textile industry enterprises. Vlakna a Textil, 2021, 28(2), pp. 9–21 6. Burkhanov, A.U. Assessment of financial security of investment funds. Jour- nal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 2020, 12(5), стр. 293–300. 7. Burkhanov, A.U., Tursunov, B.O. Main indicators of textile enterprises’ finan- cial security assessment. Vlakna a Textil, 2020, 27(3), pp. 35–40 8. Eshov, M., Amirov, L., Askarova, M. Development of the agricultural sector and its importance in Uzbekistan. E3S Web of Conferences, 2021, 244, 03014. 9. Eshov, M., Osamy, W., Aziz, A., Khedr, A.M. Econometric Analysis of Stock Market Performance during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Uzbekistan Stock Market: Uzbekistan Stock Market Performance during COVID-19 Pandem-ic. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 2021, 12(4), pp. 197–204 10. Eshov, M. Influence assessment of enterprise management value based on coefficients methods under the risk conditions. Advances in Mathematics: Scientif-ic Journal, 2020, 9(9), pp. 7573–7598
Academic Journal
Makhbuba Norquvvatova; Markhabo Saidova
Современные тенденции инновационного развития науки и образования в глобальном мире. 1:205-210
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THE POETIC AND PROSE WORKS OF ERNIS TURSUNOV
Academic Journal
Asanalieva K. A.; Erkinbekova M.
Вестник Иссык-Кульского университета.
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Germanistikada gapning ikkinchi darajali bo‘laklarini ifodalash usullari: 37 GERMANISTIKADA GAPNING IKKINCHI DARAJALI BO‘LAKLARINI IFODALASH USULLARI A.A. Tursunov (SamDCHTI) Nominativ holatdagi otlar germanistikada gapning asosan ikkinchi darajali bo‘laklarini ifodalash usuli sifatida deyarli qayd etilmagan. Agar bunday mulohazalar aytilsa, qoida tariqasida, ular nominativning als va wie bog‘lovchilari bilan birikmalarini anglatadi, ular taqqoslashning oddiy yoki alohida holatlari va predikativ atributlar sifatida talqin etiladi [Tsyganova, 166]. Ushbu morfologik shaklning obgleich bog‘lovchisi bilan ishlatilishining yagona misoli M. G. Arsenyeva va boshqalarning “Nemis tili grammatikasi” da keltirilgan [Arsenjewa 290], bu erda u istesno holat sifatida tavsiflanadi: Obgleich der Jungere , war Viktor Hübert gegenüber der überlegene und der Gebende (W. Bredel). Bog‘lovchisiz nominativning gapning tobebo‘lagi sifatida ishlatilishining barcha holatlari, sub’ekt va predikat funktsiyalaridan tashqari, tilshunoslar tomonidan “erkin ilovalar” deb tasniflanadi, garchi ba’zida bunday nominativ belgi bilan bir vaqtda bog‘lansa ham. Demak, aslida J.Erben quyidagi jumlalarda nominativda alohida ot bilan ifodalangan bo‘laklarni “to‘g‘ri qo‘llanish”dan ajratmaydi [Erben, 116]. Besitzerin eines Hauses mit vielen Mietern , glaubte sie mit ihrem guten Herzen immer wieder an Menschen, um immer wieder... um den Mietzins gebracht zu werden (V. Shmidtbonn); Ein Gespenst , ging er von uns (V. Shmidtbonn); Er hat, ein weiser Schüler des Ptolemäus und der griechischen Philosophen, die neuen Sterne beobachtet (St. Tsvayg). Bunday ajratilgannominativ komponentlarni baholash boshqa germanistlar orasida o‘xshashdir, agar ular bunday konstruktsiyalar haqida umuman fikr bildirgan bo‘lsalar [Jung, 85; Revzin, II, 173]. Alohida nominativ bilan bog‘langan mavzu deyarli har doim muhim mavzudir. Shunday qilib, ularning hol shakllari, son shakllari va ko‘pincha rod razryadlarining parallelligi haqida gapirish joizdir. Ajratilgannominativ sub’ektning belgisini ifodalaydi va unga boshqa ot beradi. Shu bilan birga, sub’ektning atributi faqat sub’ektning ob’ektiv belgilangan sifatini u amalga oshiradigan harakat (uning holati) bilan bir vaqtda konjugatsiya qilish sharoitida amalga oshiriladi. Shunga ko‘ra, shaxs sifati ta’rif, ikkinchi bo‘lak, grammatik jihatdan faqat otga bo‘ysunuvchi shaklda emas, balki bosh bo‘lak orqali uzatiladi. Ko‘rib chiqilayotgan konstruksiyalarning tizimli tashkil etilishi alohida ijobiy qo‘llanilishi bo‘lgan konstruksiyalardan farq qiladi. Ularning orasidagi farq, ajratilgan nominativ gap boshida bo‘lib, shaxs shaklidagi fe’ldan keyin kelganida yaqqol ko‘rinadi. So‘z tartibi mezoni nominativ komponentning birlamchi atamalar darajasiga tegishli ekanligini ko‘rsatadi. Bunday tuzilmalarga o‘xshab, konstruktsiyalar ham o‘zgartirilishi mumkin (agar bunga bo‘lakning kontekstual ma’nosi to‘sqinlik qilmasa) va alohida nominativ boshqa pozitsiyani egallagan konstruktsiyalarbilan ham ifodalanadi: Ein weiser Schüler des Ptalemäus , hat er die neuen Sterne beobachtet. Aksincha, bunday bo‘laklarni birinchi navbatda nisbiy otga kontakt post pozitsiyasiga ko‘chirish dargumon yoki oddiygina imkonsizdir, shu bilan birga bunday o‘lchamdagi masofaviy ilovalar bilan bunday operatsiyani bajarish mumkin; Er, ein Gespenst , ging von uns. Alohida nominativning ustuvorligi uning gapning predikativ asosi bilan bog‘liqligini aks ettiradi, garchi uning mavjudligi predikatning valentligi bilan hech qanday tarzda bog‘lanmaydi. Birlamchi pozitsiya, predikatlarning mos kelmasligi, sub’ekt va predikat 38 bilan bir vaqtda konjugatsiya bizni ushbu nominativbo‘lakni determinantlar sinfiga kiritishga undaydi. Oddiy atamalar orasida uning to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri parallelligi yo‘q. Birinchidan, o‘zbek va nemis tillari o‘rtasidagi jumlalarni qurish tartibi, so‘zlar tartibidagi farqlar bunday bo‘laklarni bir xil talqin qilishga imkon bermaydi. O‘z tabiatiga ko‘ra ushbu sintaktik sath uchun mo‘ljallanmagan morfologik shakl paydo bo‘ladi. Ikkinchidan, alohida determinativ nominativ ko‘pincha sifat va haqiqatda shartli (kauzal, konsessiv) bo‘laklarni birlashtirganligi sababli, ular odatda xarakterlovchi intilish, masalan, predikativ atribut bilan oddiy determinantlar tomonidan etkazilmaydi. Uchinchidan, sifat va holat-sifat belgi bog‘lovchisiz ot deb ataladigan narsa bilan taqqoslash orqali alohida nominativda ifodalanishi mumkin. Ushbu omillarning kombinatsiyasi ko‘rib chiqilayotgan ajratilgan nominativning o‘ziga xosligini yaratadi. Birlamchi ajratilgan nominativ – aniqlovchining ichki tasnifi uchun uning gapdagi odatdagi va mumkin bo‘lgan joylashuvi, qolgan jumla bo‘laklari bilan turli semantik-sintaktik aloqalariga mos keladigan mezondan foydalanish tavsiya etiladi. Misollardan ko‘rinib turibdiki, har bir ajratilgan nominativni jumlaning oxiriga havola qilish mumkin emas: Du fliegst Vogel in Luften , schwimmst Fisch im Meer (H. Hesse) [Erben, 116]; Er ging von uns, ein Gespenst , lekin: Er hat die neuen Sterne beobachtet, ein weiser Schüler des Ptolemäus . Ushbu misollarni ko‘rib chiqamiz. U konstruksiyalarda uchraydi, ularning predmeti deyarli har doim shaxs otlari o‘rnini bosuvchi er/sie olmoshlari bilan, juda kamdan-kam hollarda 2-shaxs olmoshlari yoki otlar bilan ifodalanadi. Otlashgan shaxsni aniqlagan holda, ajratilgan nominativ bir vaqtning o‘zida predikat bilan sababiy yoki kontrastiv-konsessiv aloqaga ega. Sabab-sifat ma’nosining alohida nominativiga ega misollar: Ein Liebling des Glücks, heiratete er die Tochter seines reichen Chefs und wurde ein mächtiger Mann (W. Schmidtbonn) [Erben, 116]; Er hatte ein Stück von der Welt gesehen,.. war in Amsterdam und in Paris gewesen und hielt, ein aufgeklärter Mann, bei Gott nicht alles für verurteilungswürdig, was außerhalb der Tore seiner giebeligen Vaterstadt lag [Mann, Budd., 10]; Fronto hatte, der sehr kluge Mann, den fressenden Ärger über die Flavier, die ihn hier versauern ließen, hinuntergeschluckt (Feuchtw., Nero, 78). Ma’lum darajada, bu nominativ alohida ilova bilan taqqoslanadi, mavzuga bo‘ysunadi va to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri so‘z tartibida unga ergashadi. Shuningdek, u predmetning predmet ta’rifini ham o‘z ichiga olishi mumkin, qandaydir tarzda predikat harakatining bajarilishini tushuntiradi. Biroq, sabab-oqibat ma’nosi (shaxsning harakat sifati) bu erda faqat qo‘shma va tasodifiydir; bundan tashqari, mavzu odatda ot bilan ifodalanadi. ...der Direktor, ernster und in geselligen Dingen unerfahrener Arbeitsmensch, wie er war, gedachte seine Mußestunden der intimen Häuslichkeit zu widmen... [Mann, Budd., 457]. Ko‘rib chiqilayotgan ajratilgan nominativ sabab bog‘lovchisi bilan tavsiflanganligi sababli, uni sabab holatlari bilan solishtirish tabiiydir. Ikkinchisi, oddiy jumlada, asosan, kombinatsiyalarning sababiy ma’nosini aniq ko‘rsatadigan va kontekstdan tashqari otlarni old qo‘shimchalar bilan birlashtirish orqali ifodalanadi; … wegen der Bauarbeiten, vor Kälte, aus Angst va boshqalar. Nominativ komponent esa faqat ma’lum bir semantik-sintaktik vaziyatdagina sabab ma’nosini oladi va shunga mos ravishda joylashishi bilan chegaralanadi. 39 FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO‘YXATI: 1. Циганкова И.А. Проблема предикативного определения в современном немецком языке. Л., 1954. – С. 149 -169 2. Arssenjewa M.G. u.a. Grammatik der deutschen Sprache. M.,1960. – 436 S. 3. Erben J. Abriß der deutschen Grammatik. Berlin, 1964.- 316 S. 4. Jung W. Grammatik der deutschen Sprache. Leipzig, 1966. 518 S.
Academic Journal
А Tursunov
Zamonaviy lingvistik tadqiqotlar: xorijiy tajribalar, istiqbolli izlanishlar va tillarni o‘qitishning innovatsion usullari. :37-39
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What is philology and its difference from other areas: Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 12 Abstract : This article provides information about the history of philology, teaching methodology, what philology is, and its difference from other fields. Key words : Philology, teaching methodology, science, linguistics, literary studies, tex- tual studies, source studies. Philology (from ancient Greek: philologia - «love of words», «love of words») is a general science consisting of the cooperation of humanities - linguistics, literary studies, textual studies, source studies, paleography, and others; studies the histo-ry and essence of human spiritual culture by linguistic and stylistic analysis of writ-ten monuments. The text, which consists of the sum of its internal issues and ex-ternal relations, is the first basis that determines the existence of philology. By focusing on the text and creating supporting comments (the most ancient form of philological works), philology covers human life, first of all, spiritual life with all its breadth and depth. Philology appeared in the period when the culture of writing was relatively advanced. The ancient highly developed cultures of the Middle East were almost unaware of philology, and in the Middle Ages Western Europe did not pay enough attention to it either; At the same time, philology is the homeland of philosophy. In India and Greece, thinking about words and speech, in the way of its analysis, appeared in harmony with philosophy. Despite the conflicts that later occurred between the pursuit of abstraction in philosophy and the precision and concreteness of philology, the initial integrity and unity of philosophy and philolo-gy was not accidental: the periods of the rise and development of philology often coincided with the great periods of epistemological thought (for example, in the Hellenistic world - from Aristotle, in Europe in the 17th century - It happened after R. Descartes, in Germany in the 19th century - I. Kant). Qad. Chinese culture had its own philological traditions (Liu Se’s works, 5th-6th centuries AD). But Qad. The philological teachings of India and China, and their achievements in this field, were not known to Europeans until recent times. The traditions of European philology relied entirely on Greek sources, and ancient Sunyo philology. During the period of the Sophists (2nd half of the 5th century - 1st half of the 4th century BC), the ABDURAKHMONOVA MOKHINUR BAKHROMJON QIZI Student of Uzbek StateWorld Language University KHODIYEVA SHAKHNOZA ABDULLAYEVNA Senior teacher of Uzbek State World Language University WHAT IS PHILOLOGY AND ITS DIFFERENCE FROM OTHER AREAS https://doi.org/10.47689/STARS.university-pp12-16 STARS International University 13 field of literature is sufficiently separated from the non-literary environment to become the object of theoretical poetics and philology. Among the sophists, Pro-tagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and others made great contributions to the develop-ment of philological methods; Greek literary theory rises to a higher level with Aristotle’s Poetics. In the Hellenistic period (3rd-1st centuries BC), philology was separated from the science of philosophy and passed into the hands of specialists - the librarians of Alexandria and Pergamum: they were engaged in identifying and interpreting the corrected texts of ancient authors. Dionysius of Thrace (c. 150-90 BC) developed a theory of word groups that is still in use today. Among the schol-ars of the early Christian era, Origen and Jerome (the person who first translated the Bible into Latin) carried out enormous textological works on the original ver-sion of the Bible and the Greek translation. The tradition of Greek philology was continued in Byzantium in the Middle Ages, preserving its ancient status (study and interpretation of classic texts); After the fall of the Roman Empire (1453), Re-naissance Italy inherited Byzantine philology thanks to the fleeing scholars. Qad. In Rome, philology was distinguished from phammatics, which studied the gram-matical aspect of the language, spelling. The next stage of development of philol-ogy is associated with the treatises of Dante, Boccaccio, Petrarch, and Lorenzo Wall during the Renaissance. In these treatises, the true content of Aristotle’s works is revealed, p. the written texts of Greek and Roman writers were studied and interpreted from a critical point of view. During the period when philology was depressed in Europe in the Middle Ages, during the 8th-14th centuries, Arabic philology began to develop on a large scale. In Arabic philology, the fields of lin-guistics and partly literary studies are developed. During this period, Kufa and Basra grammar schools (currents) emerged. Representatives of the grammar school of Basra: Khalil ibn Ahmad (8th century) and his student Sibawayhi devel-oped the standards of the classical Arabic language in their works and compiled the first explanatory dictionary of the Arabic language. Sibawayhi divided the word groups into 3 main groups (noun, verb, letter) defined the syntactic relations of word groups. The representatives of the Kufa grammar stream devoted their works to the syntax of the Arabic language and the dialectal grammatical features of the Arabic language. In the 9th and 10th centuries, both grammatical streams rose to the level of an independent school of linguistics. On the basis of Basra and Kufa fammatic trends, the Baghdad fammatic school was created, and the Bagh-dad grammatical theory was created. Ibn Jinni (10th century), a representative of the Baghdad grammar school, paid attention to issues of etymology in his works. As the rule of the Arab caliphate spread to Syria, Egypt, Iran, Spain, and Central Asia, philologists developed in these regions under the influence of the philologi-cal currents of Kufa, Basra, and Baghdad. representatives also participated. En-glish orientalist Ye. According to Brown, 30 of the 45 most influential representa-tives of Arab science and culture were representatives of non-Arab peoples. The emergence of the science of Turkic philology is also connected with the scientific activities of these scientists. Although philology was not considered a special sci-ence among the Turkic peoples in ancient times, there are many works related to it - dictionaries, grammars, treatises on literary studies, reviews, books on the his-tory and ethnography of the Turkic peoples. written Mahmud Koshgari (11th cen-tury) occupies a special place in the history of culture and science of Turkic peo- Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 14 ples. He is one of the scientists and the first to create the science of Turkic philol-ogy. His work «Devonu Lugotit Turk» covers almost all areas of this science: lexi-con, phonetics and morphology of Turkic languages, classification of Turkic lan-guages, oral creativity of Turkic peoples, etc. The work also contains valuable in-formation on ethnography, toponymy, and geographical location of Turkic peo-ples. M. Koshgari also founded the comparative study of languages. Mahmoud Zamakhshari (11th-12th centuries), nicknamed «Jorullah» («Neighbor of God») by the scholars of his time, made a great contribution to the development of Eastern science and culture. He created more than 50 works related to philosophy, history, literary studies, folklore studies, linguistics. His work «Mukaddimat uladab» is im-portant not only in terms of studying the history of the Arabic language and lin-guistics, but also in terms of studying the history of the languages of the Turkic peoples. In the dictionary part of the work, Persian and Mongolian translations of Arabic words as well as Turkish translations are given. In addition to these, more than 10 monolingual or bilingual explanatory dictionaries created by well-known or unknown authors in the 13th-19th centuries made a certain contribution to the development of the science of philology in Turkic languages. Also, Alisher Navoi’s works «Muhokamat ullugatayn», «Mezon ulavzon», «Majolis unnafois», «Tarihi mu-luki Ajam», Babur’s «Mukhtasar» («Risolai aruz») and «Boburnoma», Abul g hozi Bahadirkhan’s «Shajarai turk» and « «Shajarai tarokima» books, historical works of authors such as Munis, Ogahi, Bayani, Sheikh Ahmad Tarazi’s book «Funun ulbalo-ga» on literary studies and other scientific works enriched the science of philology in a broad sense. In the 18th century in Germany, the philologist I.I. A new era of philology begins due to the emergence of Winckelmann’s theory of «neohuman-ism» (new humanism). The question of the whole, whole image of the an c ient world is raised with the same scientific rigor as it was during the Renaissance. German philologist philology A. Wolf uses the term «philology» as the name of the science of antiquity, the ancient world. During this period, philology was under-stood in a very broad sense and included not only the study of a specific national language and literature, but also history, philosophy, art, and even material cul-ture. Philology. the department that studies cultural monuments and i nterprets the works of Greek and Roman authors was later called «classical philology». In the 19th century, the process of separation of philology from other disciplines in-tensified. As a result of the work of German philologists G. Uzener, E. Rode, U. von Wilamowitz Möllendorf and others, world history is separated from philology as an independent branch of science; at the same time, under the influence of romanti-cism and other Goya trends, along with «classical philology», «new philology» was born: Germanic studies (such as Ya. and V. Grimm), Slavic studies (A. Vostokov, V. Ganka), Oriental studies. At the same time, the Grimms, philologist Dietz, I. Do-brovsky, A. Vostokov and other philologists developed the comparative-historical method of language study. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the science of Turkic studies appeared as a branch of philology. During the period when special departments of philology as above appeared and the comparative historical method began to be used, the concept of philology narrowed and became equal to linguistics. At the end of the 19th and the begin-ning of the 20th century, the concept of philology became clearer and included the study of languages and literature; such disciplines as textology, source stud- STARS International University 15 ies, paleography appear as auxiliary fields of philology, especially the formation and development of textology played an important role in publishing manuscripts and works of classic poets (for example, Yusuf Khos Hajib, Atoi, Navoi, Babur; Pushkin, Lermontov, etc.). Linguistics and literary studies that make up philology, in turn, are divided into special fields: general linguistics, language history, the study of modern languages; folklore studies are also included in the scope of liter-ary theory, literary history, literary criticism and other philology because folklore is also an art of speech. Modern philology reveals new problems of language and literature study and develops new methods; developing a continuous connection with written sources typical of all periods of social life; philological research is being conducted with a deep scientific and critical approach to existing sourc-es. The most important characteristic of modern philology is to limit its tasks to the tasks of such subjects as history, philosophy, art history, and cultural history, which were separated from the bosom of philology, which was once considered a single, integrated science, and at the same time, creative cooperation with them. Although the foundations of Uzbek philology go back to the times and works of M. Koshgari, M. Zamakhshari, it has developed in a unique way over the years! how-ever, Uzbek philology in the current sense began to form at the beginning of the 20th century: Uzbek linguistics, literary studies, source studies, and textual studies developed as branches of philological science. Current Uzbek philology is devel-oping in every way as a component of world philology. M. Behbudi, Fitrat, Chol-pon, Avloni, Elbek, Ghozi Olim Yunusov, A. Zahiri, Otajon Hashim, Hodi Zaripov, S. Ibrohimov, P. Shamsiyev, Sh. Khurshid, Olim Sharafiddinov, S. Mutallibov, Izzat Sultan, O. Usmanov, S. Usmanov, U. Tursunov, philology Kamal, V. Abdullayev, V. Zohidov, G‘. Karimov, philology Abdullayev, A. Gulomov, H. Sulaymanov, Russian scientists Ye. Polivanov, K. Yudakhin, A. Borovkov, V. Reshetov, A. Kononov, A. Shcherbak, and others have significant contributions. Also Sh. Shoabdurahman-ov, G. Abdurahmonov, A. Hayitmetov, A. Kayumov, A. Rustamov, Q. Mahmudov, M. Askarova, HI. Rahmatullayev, A. Hajiyev, A. Abdugafurov, B. Valikhojhayev, N. Karimov, T. Mirzayev, B. Nazarov, E. Fozilov, E. Begmatov, H. Nematov, A. Nur-monov, N. Makhmudov, and other contemporary Uzbeks have been participating in the development of philology with their scientific research. Philology has faced difficulties in the English-speaking world. Many Americans who studied in college do not know this word, and those who often repeat texts written by ancient Greek or Roman classics. Philology is a science of science. the king, the pride of the first great modern universities - grew up in Germany in the eighteenth and nine-teenth centuries. In the twelve years before 1850, the most advanced humanistic research in the United States and Great Britain and its generative currents were sent through the intellectual life of Europe and America. philosophy of text (liter-ature such as classical and biblical studies, «Sanskrit and Arabic», «Medieval and modern European writers»); 2) the theory of the origin and nature of language and (3) the comparative structure and historical evolution of languages and language families study ».»The events that happened since 1800 were the origin of «compar-ative philology», events that happened by Darwinists, such as «the common origin of humans», was based on the widest horizons and new knowledge. By the 18th century, English colonial leaders who were covering botany and Greek at school, realized that they had to do their work properly in classical Persian and even San- Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 16 skrit, they could not help noticing similarities between the oriental languages and their classical counterparts, but what was their meaning, and what was the origin of the distinction of language rather than of species?» The comparative philology of the study and development of true Indo-European languages quickly gained great respect in Germany.» Answer Grimm, true expressions of philologists and rare collectors, «There is no punishment, or so cruel to error. As mathematics or physics, in every sense a hard science, serious details have a cruel morality.» Popular English Philology to all kinds of questions about, etymology, different types of pronunciation and grammatical usage, sources of Cockney vocabulary, words, original place and per-sonal names, and pronunciation, it is very interesting to hear things discussed in railway stations and smoking rooms you can read long letters about them in the press, sometimes decorated with random, misunderstood, misinterpreted and used interesting information No, the subject of English philology is street has a strange fascination for the man within, but almost everything that is thought and said about it is wonderfully and hopelessly mistaken. English Philology attracts a greater number of cranks and defects than the giyas, which is the knowledge of people who are probably less educated on any subject. the general ignorance about it is so profound that it is very difficult to convince people that it is really a well-known fact and a definite doctrine on linguistic matters.» «If the nineteenth language of language is the century of discovery, the twentieth century is the century of language attachment. The nineteenth-century distinguished language in several ways: it learned to see language as an amalgam of sounds, and therefore how to study sounds, to understand the diversity of language, and to understand the history or studied not as a piece of literature, but as a separate language. «Philology» was considered the best. «Other studies, especially innovations such as anthropology, began at the same time that philology helped the emergence of linguistics ... New studies were different from the century: in the century, linguis-tics once again united language. words and so He developed an interest in the study of the sounds that combine to form words, understood universals in other languages, and he reintegrated other languages with other languages, particularly philosophy and psychology.» References: 1. Warschauer, M., & Kern, K. (2000). Network-based Language Teaching: Con- cepts and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.[1] 2. Boswood, T. (1997). New Ways of Using Computers in Language Teaching (New Ways in Tesol Series II), California: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.[2] 3. Harmer, J. (2007). How to teach English, Harlow, Essex: Pearson-Longman. [3] 4.www.ziyonet.uz.[4]5.Jeyms Tyorner, Filologiya: Zamonaviy gumanitar fanlarning unutilgan man- balari, Princeton University Press, 2014[5] 2.Genri Vild, «Angliyadagi ingliz filologiyasi: Oksford universitetidagi imtihon maktablarida nutq so‘zlagan birinchi dars», 21 fevral 1921.[6]
Academic Journal
Mokhinur Abdurakhmonova; Shakhnoza Khodiyeva
Современные тенденции инновационного развития науки и образования в глобальном мире. 1:12-16
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Turkic mythology in E. Tursunov’s novella “Kelin”
Academic Journal
Sabyrzhanova, M.S.; Ananyeva, S.V.
In: New Research of Tuva. (New Research of Tuva, 2024, (3):289-301)
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THE IMAGE OF JUSUP ABDRAKHMANOV IS ONE OF THE KEY CHARACTERS IN E. TURSUNOV'S NOVEL 'ATA - JURT'
Academic Journal
Kyial Aibashovna Asanalieva
Вестник Международного Университета Кыргызстана. :38-42
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Blockchain-Enabled Access Control Using Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance for Healthcare IoT
Conference
Altrad, Abdallah; Almansour, Bashar Yaser; Andijan, Buzrukova Kamilla; Almansour, Ammar Yaser; Tursunov, Djakhangir; Rogith, R.
2025 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI) Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI), 2025 International Conference on. :1-7 Nov, 2025
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MEDIEVAL EAST IN THE NOVEL BY E. TURSUNOV «THE MAMLUK»
Academic Journal
M.S. Sabyrzhanova; S.В. Ananyeva; L..N. Demchenko
Keruen. 78
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IMAGES OF HISTORICAL FIGURES IN THE NOVEL ‘BOROMBAI’ BY E. TURSUNOV
Academic Journal
Kyial Aibashovna Asanalieva
Bulletin of Osh State University. 1:406-414
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Oliy ta’lim muassalarida jahon tarixi fanini o‘qitishning dolzarb masalalari: Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 204 Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada oliy ta’lim muassalarida jahon tarixi fanini o‘qitishning dolzarb masalalari, xususan, so‘nggi yillarda tarix fanini o‘qitish bo‘yicha asosiy yondashuvlar, zamonaviy qarashlar hamda ularning ta’lim sifatiga ta’siri bilan bog‘liq jihatlar ko‘rib chiqilgan. Shuningdek, tarix ta’limi sifati va mazmuniga ta’sir qilayotgan holatlar tavsiflangan. Mazkur o‘zgarishlarning talabalarni tarixiy jarayonlarni o‘rganish, turlicha yondashuvlarni bilish va tushunishga yordam beradigan ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirishdagi o‘rni tahlil qilingan. Kalit so‘zlar: tarix fanini o‘qitish, jahon tarixi, formatsion yondashuv, sivilizatsion yondashuv, zamonaviy qarashlar. Тарих таълим тизимида энг муҳим вазифаларни - ўқитиш, ривожлантириш ва тарбиялашни амалга оширади. Хусусан, ўтмиш хотирасини сақлаш орқа-ли талабалар онгига фуқаролик фазилатларини сингдириш имконини беради. Тарих таълими ёшларда масъулият, меҳнатсеварлик, Ватанга муҳаббат, ижти-моий аҳамиятга эга ишларни бошқаришда иштирок этишга тайёрлик, ҳуқуқ ва мажбуриятларни рўёбга чиқариш, ўз қобилиятларини максимал даража-да ривожлантириш каби фазилатларни ривожлантиришга қаратилган. Бугун тарих таълимнинг янги йўналишларини, жумладан, тарихни ўрганиш ва та-лабаларнинг тарихий билимларини ривожлантириш йўналишларини танлаш олдида турибди. Тарих фанидан давлат таълим стандарти мазмуни ва унга ажратилган ўқув вақти билан боғлиқлигини таҳлил қилиш нафақат тарих фанини, балки уни ўқитиш самарадорлигини ҳам йўқотиш хавфини таъкидлаш имконини бера-ди. Таълим жараёнида таълим вазифалари ҳам амалга оширилганлиги сабаб-ли университет тарих фанини ҳам шу йўналишга йўналтириш мумкин. Аммо ўқув дастурини мафкуралаштиришга қайтиш мумкин эмас, шунинг учун за-монавий тарихни ўргатишда жаҳон тарихининг минг йилликлари давомида яратилган, миллий қадриятлар билан узвий боғлиқ бўлган умуминсоний маъ-навий қадриятларига устувор аҳамият бериш муҳимдир. Тарих курсини ўрганишдан мақсад шахсни маданий-тарихий контекстга ки- XAYNAZAROV BAXROMJON BAXTIYOROVICH, 1PhD, dotsent, Mirzo Ulug‘bek nomidagi O‘zbekiston Milliy universitetiToshkent, O‘zbekiston a bahrom_bek@mail.ru OLIY TA’LIM MUASSALARIDA JAHON TARIXI FANINI O‘QITISHNING DOLZARB MASALALARI https://doi.org/10.47689/STARS.university-pp204-207 STARS International University 205 ритиш, ўз-ўзини цивилизациялашган вақт-маконга йўналтириш бўлиши ке-рак. Шунинг учун талабалар учун фактологияни эмас, балки воқеа тарихини мактаб тарих курсида ўрганганликлари сабабли тарих фалсафасини ўрганиш кўпроқ долзарбдир, чунки у мустақил фикрлашни шакллантиришга ҳисса қў-шади, ривожланишнинг асосий йўлларини тавсифловчи дунёқарашни кен-гайтиради, инсоният жамияти ва кўп жиҳатдан ҳақиқий тарихий маконни тар-тибга солади. Университет тарих курси учун асосий вазифа тафаккур тарихийлигини ри- вожлантиришдир. Тафаккур тарихийлиги маълумотли замонавий шахс мада-ниятининг энг муҳим кўрсаткичларидан бири бўлиб, унинг чексиз фактлар қаторида воқеаларни адекват баҳолаш қобилиятини тавсифлайди. Тафаккур-да тарихийликнинг йўқлиги, кўпинча, ўтмиш воқеаларининг бугунги кун ме-зонлари билан баҳоланишида намоён бўлади. Тарихни ўқитиш жараёнида тафаккур тарихийлигини шакллантириш учун, имкон қадар ҳақиқатга яқин билимга эришиш учун ушбу фаннинг методоло-гик асослари ва уларнинг ижтимоий тараққиётни тушунишдаги аҳамиятини кўриб чиқишга алоҳида эътибор қаратиш зарур. Чунки тарихни қайта қуриш жараёнининг ўзига хослиги туфайли тарихни тўлиқ билиш мумкин эмас. Та-рих фанининг ривожланиши жараёнида мутлақо бошқа кўплаб методологик ёндашувлар ишлаб чиқилди ва шаклланди. Совет даврида кенг тарқалган марксистик назарияга мувофиқ, жаҳон та- рихий жараёнини ижтимоий-иқтисодий формациялардаги кетма-кет ўзгари-шлар жараёни сифатида кўрсатиш одатий ҳол эди. Бироқ марксистик-ленинча назария тарихий жараённи ўрганишнинг ягона методологияси сифатида тез орада совет давридаги илмий тадқиқотларни тўхтатиб қўйди ва тарих фани ва тизимнинг ривожланишига ҳеч қандай ижобий таъсир кўрсатмади. Марк-сизм-ленинизм методологияси мамлакатлар ва халқлар тарихий тараққиёти-нинг хилма-хиллиги ва мураккаблигини эътиборсиз қолдириб, ўтмишни схе-матиклаштирди; жамиятдаги синфларга эътибор қаратиб, инқилобийликни мутлақлаштирди ҳамда халқларнинг маънавий даражасига аҳамият бермади. Формацион ёндашув социализм қуриш назарияси ва амалиёти ҳамда теги-шли таълим ва тарбия назарияси доирасидан ташқарига чиқишга имкон бер-мади[6, с. 31]. Марксистик парадигмани рад этиш янги методологияни излашга олиб кел- ди. Аммо бу жараён тугалланмаган ва ҳозирда тарих фанида тўпланган та-жрибани қайта кўриб чиқиш давом этмоқда, чунки бугунги кунгача универ-сал методология мавжуд эмас. МДҲ давлатларида формацион назариянинг ўрнини босадиган бошқа на- зария сифатида цивилизациявий ёндашув тайёр когнитив парадигма сифа-тида кенг тарғиб қилина бошлади [1, с. 31]. Унга кўра, кишилик жамияти та-раққиёти, бу назарияга кўра, алоҳида ижтимоий тизимлар – цивилизациялар тараққиёти даврлари йиғиндисидир. ХХ-ХХI асрлар бошидаги цивилизациялар назарияси формацион ёндашу- внинг ўрнини босувчи, универсал парадигма сифатида фаол кўриб чиқила бошланди, чунки у ҳам аввалги каби миллий анъаналарни ўрганишга, миллий ғояни маъқуллашга, таълим ва тарбиявий вазифаларни бажариш, таълим ва тарбиянинг асосий тенденцияларини сақлаб қолиш борасида муҳим аҳамият Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 206 касб этди. Унинг ёрдами билан ҳам маиший, ҳам умумий тарихни тушунтириш мумкин, деб ҳисобланган. Цивилизациявий ёндашув ижтимоий-маданий та-рих билан уйғунлашгани туфайли катта афзалликларга эга[5, с. 32]. Тараққиёт ғояси ўзининг концептуал аппарати, қадриятлар ва ғоялар тизи- ми билан тарих фанининг эксклюзив мулки эмас, балки умумэътироф этилган фикрлаш тарзининг бир қисмига айланди. Ижтимоий ҳаётнинг мураккабли-гини англашда тасниф ва тартибни жорий этган ҳолда бу назария узоқ вақт давомида инсоният ҳаётига оид янги маълумотларнинг чексиз тўпланишига бардош беради ва жамиятга сафарбарлик таъсирини ўтказади. Аммо бу ҳам парадигма бўла олмайди, чунки бу ҳолда жамиятнинг ривожланиши ҳақидаги тарихий ғоялар, кўпинча, ушбу назариянинг асосий ғоясига мос келмайди. Бизнинг фикримизча, тараққиёт назариялари ва маҳаллий цивилизациялар назарияси синтези кўпроқ даражада адекват цивилизация онгини шакллан-тирувчи методологияни қуриш имкониятини очиб беради. Тарихий жараённи шу асосда идрок этиш, шунингдек, дунёнинг чексиз хилма-хиллигини ва шу-нинг учун у низоларсиз мавжуд бўлмаслигини англаш имконини беради[2, с. 89]. Ушбу ёндашувлардан ташқари, замонавий тарих методологиясининг риво- жланишига муҳим қўшимча сиёсий тизимларни солиштириш ҳамда тарихий ва сиёсий жараёнлар ҳақида объектив хулосалар чиқариш имкониятини бе-рувчи сиёсатшунослик ёндашуви ҳисобланади [4, с. 31]. Юқоридаги барча ёндашувлар бир-бирига нисбатан тўлдирувчилик функ- циясини бажаради. Тарихий жараёнларни ўрганишга турлича ёндашувлар-ни билиш ва тушуниш тарихни ўрганиш жараёнида бирёқламаликни енгиш имконини беради, онг догматизмига йўл қўймайди, тарихий жараённи илмий тушунишга, тафаккурда историзмнинг ривожланишига ёрдам беради. Услубий маданиятни шакллантириш талабанинг мустақил фикрлашини ри- вожлантиришга кўмаклашади. Ўрганиш предметининг методологик плюра-лизми асосидаги тарих фалсафаси йўналишидаги ўзгаришлар эса замонавий ахборот жамияти шароитида талабаларнинг гуманитар дунёқарашини ша-кллантиришга, бағрикенглик ва ўзаро тушунишни ривожлантиришга хизмат қилади. Тарих фанини ўқитиш услубий плюрализмга ҳамда муаммоли таълимга асосланган бўлиши керак. Шу нуқтаи назардан тарихий жараённинг энг муҳим хусусиятларини кўрсатиш, унинг энг муҳим тенденцияларини кузатиш муҳимдир. Бунда асосий эътибор саналарга, фактларга эмас, балки тарихий жараённи изчил таҳлил қилишга қаратилади. Бу талабаларни дарсликларга мурожаат қилиш орқали воқеалар ҳақидаги билимларини тиклаш ва тўлди-ришга ундаш учун мўлжалланган. Бугунги кунда танланган фактик материал-ни билишга йўналтирилганлик ҳақиқий билимларни ўзлаштириш ва мавжуд билим ва малакаларни кенгайтириш учун мустақил фикрлайдиган, рақобат-бардош, мустақил ишга йўналтирилган мутахассисни тайёрлаш нуқтаи наза-ридан муҳим ҳисобланади. Тарихнинг ўқув фани сифатидаги мақсадини рўёбга чиқариш, илмий би- лимларни ривожлантириш орқали талабаларга тарихнинг фан эканлигини кўрсатиш бугунги кунда анча муҳим. Тарихий муаммоларни кўриб чиқишда талабалар қиёсий таҳлил қилишга ўрганадилар ва қўйилган муаммоли савол- STARS International University 207 ларга жавоб бериш учун маълумотни мустақил излашни фаоллаштирадилар. Ҳақиқатга иложи борича яқинроқ билим олиш учун талабалар турли хил та-рихий адабиётлардан фойдаланишлари керак. Бу муаммоли таълим оид ва-зиятларни ҳал қилишда шахсий-ижодий ёндашувнинг элементларидан бири-дир. Бунда талабалар ижтимоий ҳаёт фактларини таҳлил қилади ва танқидий баҳолайди, уларга тарихийлик, услубий, аксиологик ва гносеологик плюра-лизм нуқтаи назаридан ёндашишга интилади[3, с. 11]. Муаммоли масалани ечиш талабага оддий ёдлаш орқали олинган фактлар ва хронология ҳақидаги билимлардан кам бўлмаган кучли янги билимларни эгаллаш имконини беради. Бу муаммоли таълим мазмуни ва мотивацион ўзи-га хослиги билан ажралиб туради ва кўп жиҳатдан бўлажак мутахассис учун зарур бўлган тадқиқот-таҳлилий ва услубий-амалий кўникмаларни ривожлан-тиришга интилади. Тарихни бундай ўрганиш жараёнида талабалар фикрлар тўқнашуви муқар- рарлигини ва бошқа нуқтаи назарни ҳурмат қилиш зарурлигини тушунади-лар. Бунда тарих ўқитишнинг асосий мақсади талабани мустақил фикрлашга ва ҳақиқатни излашга, ҳар қандай манба ва турли фикрларга таҳлилий ёнда-шишга, сабаб нуқтаи назаридан таҳлил қилинган тақдирда бой фактик мате-риаллардан фойдаланишга ўргатишдан иборат. Тарихий жараённинг муайян муаммосини ўрганишда янги ёндашувлардан фойдаланиш, ҳақиқатни излаш бўлажак мутахассиснинг мустақил фикрлаши-ни ривожлантиришга ёрдам беради, дунёқарашлар маконида талабанинг ўзи-ни ўзи эркин белгилаши учун шароит яратади. Ижтимоий-маданий нақшлар контекстида умумий маданий компетенцияни шакллантиради ва шу билан кейинги касбий фаолият даврида мустақилликни таъминлайди. Адабиётлар рўйхати; Библиографические ссылки; References:1. Здерева Г. Современные проблемы методологии исторической науки и преподавания истории в вузе (RELGA №18 [140] 01.10.2006) // Современные проблемы методологии исторической науки и преподавания истории в вузе | Статьи | Главная | Научно-культурологический журнал (relga.ru) 2. Актуальные проблемы изучения и преподавания всеобщей истории в школе и вузе: материалы Международной научно-практической Конферен-ции, г. Рязань, 20−21 апреля 2016 г. / отв. ред. М.В. Жолудов; Ряз. гос. ун-т име-ни С.А. Есенина. – Рязань, 2017. – 336 с. 3. Историческая наука и историческое образование в условиях глобаль- ных трансформаций: XXV Всероссийские с международным участием исто-рикопедагогические чтения / Уральский государственный педагогический университет ; главный редактор Г. А. Кругликова. – Электрон. дан. – Екатерин-бург : [б. и.], 2021. – 1 CD-ROM. – Текст : электронный/ 4. Актуальные проблемы преподавания истории в различных типах обра- зовательных организаций. Коллективная монография. Ч. 8 / Отв. ред. д.и.н., проф., Л.В. Алексеева. Нижневартовск: изд-во НВГУ, 2021. 134 с. 5. Urakov D.J., Biykuziyev A.A., Xaynazarov B.B. va boshqalar, 2018. JAHON TARIXI (I TOM 1 QISM Qadimgi Sharq tarixi). Toshkent: Navro’z, 2018. -262 b. 6. Urakov D.J., Tursunov R.N., Biykuziyev A.A., Xaynazarov B.B., 2018. JAHON TARIXI (Qadimgi Sharq, Qadimgi Yunoniston va Rim tarixi). Toshkent: Navro’z, 2018. -258 b.
Academic Journal
Baxromjon Xaynazarov
Современные тенденции инновационного развития науки и образования в глобальном мире. 1
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Efficient Detection of Non-Lambertian Reflectance Behavior and Lambertian Surface Characterization Using Minimal Angular Sampling in Light Fields
Conference
Dwivedi, Vivek; Tursunov, Javlon; Hrad, Jaromir; Rozinaj, Gregor
2025 32nd International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP) Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP), 2025 32nd International Conference on. :1-6 Jun, 2025
Full Text (IEEE) Find it@PNU
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[검색어] Tursunov, A.
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