부산대학교 도서관

M. Wortmann; L. Slater; L. Hawker; Y. Liu; J. Neal; B. Zhang; J. Schwenk; G. Allen; P. Ashworth; R. Boothroyd; H. Cloke; P. Delorme; S. H. Gebrechorkos; H. Griffith; J. Leyland; S. McLelland; A. P. Nicholas; G. Sambrook‐Smith; E. Vahidi; D. Parsons; S. E. Darby

Water Resources Research, Vol 61, Iss 5, Pp n/a-n/a (2025)

Bickle, Allan (1-PURD) AMS Author Profile; Schwenk, Allen (1-WMI-DM) AMS Author Profile

Discussiones Mathematicae. Graph Theory (Discuss. Math. Graph Theory) (20250101), 45, no. 1, 411-414. ISSN: 1234-3099 (print).eISSN: 2083-5892.

Vail, Emily A.; Feng, Rui; Sieber, Frederick; Carson, Jeffrey L.; Ellenberg, Susan S.; Magaziner, Jay; Dillane, Derek; Marcantonio, Edward R.; Sessler, Daniel I.; Ayad, Sabry; Stone, Trevor; Papp, Steven; Donegan, Derek; Mehta, Samir; Schwenk, Eric S.; Marshall, Mitchell; Jaffe, J. Douglas; Luke, Charles; Sharma, Balram; Azim, Syed; Hymes, Robert; Chin, Ki-Jinn; Sheppard, Richard; Perlman, Barry; Sappenfield, Joshua; Hauck, Ellen; Tierney, Ann; Horan, Annamarie D.; Neuman, Mark D.; Looke, Thomas; Bent, Sandra; Franco-Mora, Ariana; Hedrick, Pamela; Newbern, Matthew; Tadros, Rafik; Pealer, Karen; Vlassakov, Kamen; Buckley, Carolyn; Gavin, Lauren; Gorbatov, Svetlana; Gosnell, James; Steen, Talora; Vafai, Avery; Zeballos, Jose; Hruslinski, Jennifer; Cardenas, Louis; Berry, Ashley; Getchell, John; Quercetti, Nicholas; Hassan, Manal; Bajracharya, Gauasan; Billow, Damien; Bloomfield, Michael; Cuko, Evis; Elyaderani, Mehrun K.; Hampton, Robert; Honar, Hooman; Khoshknabi, Dilara; Kim, Daniel; Krahe, David; Lew, Michael M.; Maheshwer, Conjeevram B.; Niazi, Azfar; Saha, Partha; Salih, Ahmed; de Swart, Robert J.; Volio, Andrew; Bolkus, Kelly; DeAngelis, Matthew; Dodson, Gregory; Gerritsen, Jeffrey; McEniry, Brian; Mitrev, Ludmil; Kwofie, M. Kwesi; Belliveau, Anne; Bonazza, Flynn; Lloyd, Vera; Panek, Izabela; Dabiri, Jared; Chavez, Chris; Craig, Jason; Davidson, Todd; Dietrichs, Chad; Fleetwood, Cheryl; Foley, Mike; Getto, Chris; Hailes, Susie; Hermes, Sarah; Hooper, Andy; Koener, Greg; Kohls, Kate; Law, Leslie; Lipp, Adam; Losey, Allison; Nelson, William; Nieto, Mario; Rogers, Pam; Rutman, Steve; Scales, Garrett; Sebastian, Barbara; Stanciu, Tom; Lobel, Gregg; Giampiccolo, Michelle; Herman, Dara; Kaufman, Margit; Murphy, Bryan; Pau, Clara; Puzio, Thomas; Veselsky, Marlene; Apostle, Kelly; Boyer, Dory; Chen Fan, Brenda; Lee, Susan; Lemke, Mike; Merchant, Richard; Moola, Farhad; Payne, Kyrsten; Perey, Bertrand; Viskontas, Darius; Poler, Mark; D’Antonio, Patricia; O’Neill, Greg; Abdullah, Amer; Fish-Fuhrmann, Jamie; Giska, Mark; Fidkowski, Christina; Guthrie, Stuart Trent; Hakeos, William; Hayes, Lillian; Hoegler, Joseph; Nowak, Katherine; Beck, Jeffery; Cuff, Jaslynn; Gaski, Greg; Haaser, Sharon; Holzman, Michael; Malekzadeh, A. Stephen; Ramsey, Lolita; Schulman, Jeff; Schwartzbach, Cary; Azefor, Tangwan; Davani, Arman; Jaberi, Mahmood; Masear, Courtney; Haider, Syed Basit; Chungu, Carolyn; Ebrahimi, Ali; Fikry, Karim; Marcantonio, Andrew; Shelvan, Anitha; Sanders, David; Clarke, Collin; Lawendy, Abdel; Schwartz, Gary; Garg, Mohit; Kim, Joseph; Caruci, Juan; Commeh, Ekow; Cuevas, Randy; Cuff, Germaine; Franco, Lola; Furgiuele, David; Giuca, Matthew; Allman, Melissa; Barzideh, Omid; Cossaro, James; D’Arduini, Armando; Farhi, Anita; Gould, Jason; Kafel, John; Patel, Anuj; Peller, Abraham; Reshef, Hadas; Safur, Mohammed; Toscano, Fiore; Tedore, Tiffany; Akerman, Michael; Brumberger, Eric; Clark, Sunday; Friedlander, Rachel; Jegarl, Anita; Lane, Joseph; Lyden, John P.; Mehta, Nili; Murrell, Matthew T.; Painter, Nathan; Ricci, William; Sbrollini, Kaitlyn; Sharma, Rahul; Steel, Peter A.D.; Steinkamp, Michele; Weinberg, Roniel; Stephenson Wellman, David; Nader, Antoun; Fitzgerald, Paul; Ritz, Michaela; Bryson, Greg; Craig, Alexandra; Farhat, Cassandra; Gammon, Braden; Gofton, Wade; Harris, Nicole; Lalonde, Karl; Liew, Allan; Meulenkamp, Bradley; Sonnenburg, Kendra; Wai, Eugene; Wilkin, Geoffrey; Troxell, Karen; Alderfer, Mary Ellen; Brannen, Jason; Cupitt, Christopher; Gerhart, Stacy; McLin, Renee; Sheidy, Julie; Yurick, Katherine; Chen, Fei; Dragert, Karen; Kiss, Geza; Malveaux, Halina; McCloskey, Deborah; Mellender, Scott; Mungekar, Sagar S.; Noveck, Helaine; Sagebien, Carlos; Biby, Luat; McKelvy, Gail; Richards, Anna; Abola, Ramon; Ayala, Brittney; Halper, Darcy; Mavarez, Ana; Rizwan, Sabeen; Choi, Stephen; Awad, Imad; Flynn, Brendan; Henry, Patrick; Jenkinson, Richard; Kaustov, Lilia; Lappin, Elizabeth; McHardy, Paul; Singh, Amara; Donnelly, Joanne; Gonzalez, Meera; Haydel, Christopher; Livelsberger, Jon; Pazionis, Theresa; Slattery, Bridget; Vazquez-Trejo, Maritza; Baratta, Jaime; Cirullo, Michael; Deiling, Brittany; Deschamps, Laura; Glick, Michael; Katz, Daniel; Krieg, James; Lessin, Jennifer; Mojica, Jeffrey; Torjman, Marc; Jin, Rongyu; Salpeter, Mary Jane; Powell, Mark; Simmons, Jeffrey; Lawson, Prentiss; Kukreja, Promil; Graves, Shanna; Sturdivant, Adam; Bryant, Ayesha; Crump, Sandra Joyce; Verrier, Michelle; Green, James; Menon, Matthew; Applegate, Richard; Arias, Ana; Pineiro, Natasha; Uppington, Jeffrey; Wolinsky, Phillip; Gunnett, Amy; Hagen, Jennifer; Harris, Sara; Hollen, Kevin; Holloway, Brian; Horodyski, Mary Beth; Pogue, Trevor; Ramani, Ramachandran; Smith, Cameron; Woods, Anna; Warrick, Matthew; Flynn, Kelly; Mongan, Paul; Ranganath, Yatish; Fernholz, Sean; Ingersoll-Weng, Esperanza; Marian, Anil; Seering, Melinda; Sibenaller, Zita; Stout, Lori; Wagner, Allison; Walter, Alicia; Wong, Cynthia; Orwig, Denise; Goud, Maithri; Helker, Chris; Mezenghie, Lydia; Montgomery, Brittany; Preston, Peter; Schwartz, J. Sanford; Weber, Ramona; Fleisher, Lee A.; Mehta, Samir; Stephens-Shields, Alisa J.; Dinh, Cassandra; Schwartz, Aron; Chelly, Jacques E.; Goel, Shiv; Goncz, Wende; Kawabe, Touichi; Khetarpal, Sharad; Monroe, Amy; Shick, Vladislav; Breidenstein, Max; Dominick, Timothy; Friend, Alexander; Mathews, Donald; Lennertz, Richard; Sanders, Robert; Akere, Helen; Balweg, Tyler; Bo, Amber; Doro, Christopher; Goodspeed, David; Lang, Gerald; Parker, Maggie; Rettammel, Amy; Roth, Mary; White, Marissa; Whiting, Paul; Allen, Brian F.S.; Baker, Tracie; Craven, Debra; McEvoy, Matt; Turnbo, Teresa; Kates, Stephen; Morgan, Melanie; Willoughby, Teresa; Weigel, Wade; Auyong, David; Fox, Ellie; Welsh, Tina; Cusson, Bruce; Dobson, Sean; Edwards, Christopher; Harris, Lynette; Henshaw, Daryl; Johnson, Kathleen; McKinney, Glen; Miller, Scott; Reynolds, Jon; Segal, B. Scott; Turner, Jimmy; VanEenenaam, David; Weller, Robert; Lei, Jineli; Treggiari, Miriam; Akhtar, Shamsuddin; Blessing, Marcelle; Johnson, Chanel; Kampp, Michael; Kunze, Kimberly; OʼConnor, Mary; Gaskins, Lakisha J.; Looke, Thomas; Tadros, Rafik; Vlassakov, Kamen; Cardenas, Louis; Hassan, Manal; Bolkus, Kelly; Mitrev, Ludmil; Kwofie, M. Kwesi; Dabiri, Jared; Lobel, Gregg; Poler, Mark; Giska, Mark; Sanders, David; Schwartz, Gary; Giuca, Matthew; Tedore, Tiffany; Nader, Antoun; Papp, Stephen; Bryson, Greg; Troxell, Karen; Kiss, Geza; Choi, Stephen; Powell, Mark; Applegate, Richard; Warrick, Matthew; Ranganath, Yatish; Elkassabany, Nabil; Chelly, Jacques E.; Hoeft, Mark A.; Lennertz, Richard; Sanders, Robert; Allen, Brian F.S.; Kates, Stephen; Weigel, Wade; Li, Jinlei; Wijeysundera, Duminda N.; Kheterpal, Sachin; Moore, Reneé H.; Smith, Alexander K.; Tosi, Laura L.; Elkassabany, Nabil; Looke, Thomas; Menio, Diane; Mehta, Samir; Fleisher, Lee; Menio, Diane; Hruslinski, Jennifer; Ramsey, Lolita; Gaskins, Lakisha J.; Langlois, Christine; Gaskins, Lakisha J.; Mezenghie, Lydia; Montgomery, Brittany; Oduwole, Samuel; Rose, Thomas

Anesthesiology. Mar 01, 2024 140(3):375-386

Neuman MD; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, and Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.D.N., N.E., L.J.G.).; Feng R; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.F., S.S.E.).; Ellenberg SS; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.F., S.S.E.).; Sieber F; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland (F.S.).; Sessler DI; Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (D.I.S., S. Ayad, M.H.).; Magaziner J; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (J.M.).; Elkassabany N; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, and Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.D.N., N.E., L.J.G.).; Schwenk ES; Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (E.S.S.).; Dillane D; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (D. Dillane).; Marcantonio ER; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (E.R.M.).; Menio D; Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (D.M.).; Ayad S; Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (D.I.S., S. Ayad, M.H.).; Hassan M; Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (D.I.S., S. Ayad, M.H.).; Stone T; Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (T.S.).; Papp S; Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (S.P.).; Donegan D; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (D. Donegan).; Marshall M; Department of Anesthesiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.M.).; Jaffe JD; Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (J.D.J.).; Luke C; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.L.).; Sharma B; Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts (B.S.).; Azim S; Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York (S. Azim).; Hymes R; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, Virginia (R.H.).; Chin KJ; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.C.).; Sheppard R; Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut (R.S.).; Perlman B; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (B.P.).; Sappenfield J; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (J.S.).; Hauck E; Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (E.H.).; Hoeft MA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont (M.A.H.).; Tierney A; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.T., T.B., J.D.).; Gaskins LJ; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, and Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.D.N., N.E., L.J.G.).; Horan AD; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.D.H.).; Brown T; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.T., T.B., J.D.).; Dattilo J; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.T., T.B., J.D.).; Carson JL; Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey (J.L.C.).; Looke T; Bent S; Franco-Mora A; Hedrick P; Newbern M; Tadros R; Pealer K; Vlassakov K; Buckley C; Gavin L; Gorbatov S; Gosnell J; Steen T; Vafai A; Zeballos J; Hruslinski J; Cardenas L; Berry A; Getchell J; Quercetti N; Bajracharya G; Billow D; Bloomfield M; Cuko E; Elyaderani MK; Hampton R; Honar H; Khoshknabi D; Kim D; Krahe D; Lew MM; Maheshwer CB; Niazi A; Saha P; Salih A; de Swart RJ; Volio A; Bolkus K; DeAngelis M; Dodson G; Gerritsen J; McEniry B; Mitrev L; Kwofie MK; Belliveau A; Bonazza F; Lloyd V; Panek I; Dabiri J; Chavez C; Craig J; Davidson T; Dietrichs C; Fleetwood C; Foley M; Getto C; Hailes S; Hermes S; Hooper A; Koener G; Kohls K; Law L; Lipp A; Losey A; Nelson W; Nieto M; Rogers P; Rutman S; Scales G; Sebastian B; Stanciu T; Lobel G; Giampiccolo M; Herman D; Kaufman M; Murphy B; Pau C; Puzio T; Veselsky M; Apostle K; Boyer D; Fan BC; Lee S; Lemke M; Merchant R; Moola F; Payne K; Perey B; Viskontas D; Poler M; D'Antonio P; O'Neill G; Abdullah A; Fish-Fuhrmann J; Giska M; Fidkowski C; Guthrie ST; Hakeos W; Hayes L; Hoegler J; Nowak K; Beck J; Cuff J; Gaski G; Haaser S; Holzman M; Malekzadeh AS; Ramsey L; Schulman J; Schwartzbach C; Azefor T; Davani A; Jaberi M; Masear C; Haider SB; Chungu C; Ebrahimi A; Fikry K; Marcantonio A; Shelvan A; Sanders D; Clarke C; Lawendy A; Schwartz G; Garg M; Kim J; Caruci J; Commeh E; Cuevas R; Cuff G; Franco L; Furgiuele D; Giuca M; Allman M; Barzideh O; Cossaro J; D'Arduini A; Farhi A; Gould J; Kafel J; Patel A; Peller A; Reshef H; Safur M; Toscano F; Tedore T; Akerman M; Brumberger E; Clark S; Friedlander R; Jegarl A; Lane J; Lyden JP; Mehta N; Murrell MT; Painter N; Ricci W; Sbrollini K; Sharma R; Steel PAD; Steinkamp M; Weinberg R; Wellman DS; Nader A; Fitzgerald P; Ritz M; Bryson G; Craig A; Farhat C; Gammon B; Gofton W; Harris N; Lalonde K; Liew A; Meulenkamp B; Sonnenburg K; Wai E; Wilkin G; Troxell K; Alderfer ME; Brannen J; Cupitt C; Gerhart S; McLin R; Sheidy J; Yurick K; Chen F; Dragert K; Kiss G; Malveaux H; McCloskey D; Mellender S; Mungekar SS; Noveck H; Sagebien C; Biby L; McKelvy G; Richards A; Abola R; Ayala B; Halper D; Mavarez A; Rizwan S; Choi S; Awad I; Flynn B; Henry P; Jenkinson R; Kaustov L; Lappin E; McHardy P; Singh A; Donnelly J; Gonzalez M; Haydel C; Livelsberger J; Pazionis T; Slattery B; Vazquez-Trejo M; Baratta J; Cirullo M; Deiling B; Deschamps L; Glick M; Katz D; Krieg J; Lessin J; Mojica J; Torjman M; Jin R; Salpeter MJ; Powell M; Simmons J; Lawson P; Kukreja P; Graves S; Sturdivant A; Bryant A; Crump SJ; Verrier M; Green J; Menon M; Applegate R; Arias A; Pineiro N; Uppington J; Wolinsky P; Gunnett A; Hagen J; Harris S; Hollen K; Holloway B; Horodyski MB; Pogue T; Ramani R; Smith C; Woods A; Warrick M; Flynn K; Mongan P; Ranganath Y; Fernholz S; Ingersoll-Weng E; Marian A; Seering M; Sibenaller Z; Stout L; Wagner A; Walter A; Wong C; Orwig D; Goud M; Helker C; Mezenghie L; Montgomery B; Preston P; Schwartz JS; Weber R; Fleisher LA; Mehta S; Stephens-Shields AJ; Dinh C; Chelly JE; Goel S; Goncz W; Kawabe T; Khetarpal S; Monroe A; Shick V; Breidenstein M; Dominick T; Friend A; Mathews D; Lennertz R; Sanders R; Akere H; Balweg T; Bo A; Doro C; Goodspeed D; Lang G; Parker M; Rettammel A; Roth M; White M; Whiting P; Allen BFS; Baker T; Craven D; McEvoy M; Turnbo T; Kates S; Morgan M; Willoughby T; Weigel W; Auyong D; Fox E; Welsh T; Cusson B; Dobson S; Edwards C; Harris L; Henshaw D; Johnson K; McKinney G; Miller S; Reynolds J; Segal BS; Turner J; VanEenenaam D; Weller R; Lei J; Treggiari M; Akhtar S; Blessing M; Johnson C; Kampp M; Kunze K; O'Connor M; Looke T; Tadros R; Vlassakov K; Cardenas L; Bolkus K; Mitrev L; Kwofie MK; Dabiri J; Lobel G; Poler M; Giska M; Sanders D; Schwartz G; Giuca M; Tedore T; Nader A; Bryson G; Troxell K; Kiss G; Choi S; Powell M; Applegate R; Warrick M; Ranganath Y; Chelly JE; Lennertz R; Sanders R; Allen BFS; Kates S; Weigel W; Li J; Wijeysundera DN; Kheterpal S; Moore RH; Smith AK; Tosi LL; Looke T; Mehta S; Fleisher L; Hruslinski J; Ramsey L; Langlois C; Mezenghie L; Montgomery B; Oduwole S; Rose T

Publisher: American College of Physicians--American Society of Internal Medicine Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0372351 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1539-3704 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00034819 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ann Intern Med Subsets: MEDLINE

The American Mathematical Monthly, 2000 Feb 01. 107(2), 140-150.

The College Mathematics Journal, 1999 Mar 01. 30(2), 112-117.

Razzaghi, Hanieh; Forrest, Christopher B.; Hirabayashi, Kathryn; Wu, Qiong; Allen, Andrea J.; Rao, Suchitra; Chen, Yong; Bunnell, H. Timothy; Chrischilles, Elizabeth A.; Cowell, Lindsay G.; Cummins, Mollie R.; Hanauer, David A.; Higginbotham, Miranda; Horne, Benjamin D.; Horowitz, Carol R.; Jhaveri, Ravi; Kim, Susan; Mishkin, Aaron; Muszynski, Jennifer A.; Naggie, Susanna; Pajor, Nathan M.; Paranjape, Anuradha; Schwenk, Hayden T.; Sills, Marion R.; Tedla, Yacob G.; Williams, David A.; Bailey, L. Charles; RECOVER CONSORTIUM

PEDIATRICS; APR 2024, 153 4, pe2023064446 11p.

The College Mathematics Journal, 2000 Nov 01. 31(5), 403-405.

Afonso, Anoushka M., MD, FASA; Agrò, Felice Eugenio; Amar, David, MD; Amer, MS, MD, Omar Ben; Baar, MD, Wolfgang; Behringer, Elizabeth Cordes, MD; Bergmann, Astrid, MD, PhD, DESA; Blech, Daniel, MD; Blessing, Marcelle, MD; Brodsky, Jay B., MD; Bronheim, David, MD; Campos, Javier H., MD; Castillo, Maria, MD; Charlesworth, Michael, MBChB, FRCA, FFICM; Chen, Grant H., MD, MBA; Cohen, Edmond, MD, FASA; Dabo-Trubelja, Anahita, MD, FASA; de Abreu, Marcelo Gama, MD, MSc, PhD, DESA; Desiderio, Dawn P., MD; Dong, Qinglong, MD; Eaker, Lily, BA; Eisenkraft, James B., MD; Tahan, Mohamed R. El, MD, Msec, MBBch; Fischer, Gregory W., MD, FASA; Flores, Raja, MD; Gal, Jonathan, MD, MBA, MS, FASA; Gök, Funda; Gonzalez-Rivas, Diego, MD, FECTS; Gil, MD, Manuel Granell; Ginsberg, Nicole, MD; Gulati, Amitabh, MD; Hachenberg, MD, PhD, Thomas; Haffey, Paul Ryan, DO; Hagerman, Andres, MD; Harkin, Timothy J., MD; He, Jianxing, MD, PhD; He, Jiaxi, MD, PhD; Hecht, Patrick, MD, FRCPC; Hell, Johannes, MD; Hillenbrand, Karl D., MD; Hosseinian, Leila, MD; Hyers, Benjamin M., MD; Jackson, Jacob C., MD; Kalowitz, Daniel, MD, MBA; Kanellakos, George W., MD, FRCPC; Karzai, Waheedullah, MD; Keller, Steven P., MD, PhD; Kim, MD, Mark S.; Kozian, Alf, MD, PhD; Kretzschmar, Moritz A., MD, PhD, DESA; Lee, Dong-Seok, MD; Leff, Jonathan, MD, FASE; Leiendecker, Eric, MD; Li, Shuben, MD, PhD; Liang, Lixia, MD; Licker, Marc, MD; Liu, Hui, MD; Lohser, Jens, MD, MSc, FRCPC; Lonner, Baron, MD; Loop, Torsten, MD; McRae, Karen, MDCM; Meineri, Massimiliaino, MD, FASE; Lurie, Jacob Michael, MD, MPH; Mojica, Jeffrey J., DO; Morikawa, Nicole, MD; Mourisse, Jo, MD, PhD; Ninh, Allen, MD; Pawlowski, John, MD, PhD; Pedoto, Alessia, MD, FASA; Pérez, MD, Elena Biosca; Piliego, MD, Chiara; Plumed, Ruth Martínez; Popescu, Wanda M., MD; Rakesh, Neal, MD, MS; Rocca, Alessandra Della, MD; Rocca, Giorgio Della, MD; Rodriguez-Diaz, Cesar, MD; Salter, Benjamin S., DO; Satoh, Kei, MD; Schilling, Thomas, MD, PhD, DEAA; Schisler, Travis, MD, FRCPC; Schwenk, Eric S., MD, FASA; Şentürk, Evren, MD, EDIC; Şentürk, Mert, MD; Shapiro, David M., MD; Sharma, Archit, MD, MBA; Silvay, George, MD, PhD; Smith, Theodore C., MD; Sparling, Jamie L., MD; Spellman, Jessica, MD, FASE; Steel, Andrew C., BSc., MBBS, MRCP, FRCA, EDIC, FRCPC, FFICM; Sullivan, Breandan, MD; Sungur, Zerrin, MD; Sutherland, Lauren, MD; Szegedi, Laszlo L., MD, PhD; Teeter, Emily G., MD, FASE; Templeton, Richard, MBChB, FRCA, FFICM; Thiele, Robert H., MD; van der Heide, Stefan, MD; Melo, Marcos F. Vidal, MD; Viscusi, Eugene R., MD; Vue, Elizabeth May, MD; Walsh, Spencer P., MD; Weiner, Menachem M., MD; White, Alexander, MD, FRCPC; Wilson, Roger S., MD; Wittenstein, Jakob, MD; Yoon, Uzung, MD, MPH

Cohen’s Comprehensive Thoracic Anesthesia. :ix-xv

Dickerson DM; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA ddickerson@northshore.org.; Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.; Mariano ER; Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.; Szokol JW; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.; Harned M; Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.; Clark RM; American Society of Anesthesiologists, Park Ridge, Illinois, USA.; Mueller JT; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.; Shilling AM; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.; Udoji MA; Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.; Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, Georgia, USA.; Mukkamala SB; American Medical Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.; Doan L; Department of Anesthesiology, PerioperativeCare and Pain Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.; Wyatt KEK; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperativeand Pain Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.; Schwalb JM; Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Medical Group, Detroit, Michigan, USA.; Elkassabany NM; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.; Eloy JD; Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.; Beck SL; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.; Wiechmann L; Department of Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.; Chiao F; Department of Anesthesiology, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA.; Halle SG; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.; Krishnan DG; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.; Cramer JD; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.; Ali Sakr Esa W; Department of Pain Management, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.; Muse IO; Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.; Department of Anesthesiology, Westchester Medical Center Health Network, Valhalla, New York, USA.; Baratta J; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.; Rosenquist R; Department of Pain Management, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.; Gulur P; Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.; Shah S; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California Irvine, Orange, California, USA.; Kohan L; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.; Robles J; Department of Urology Division of Endourology and Stone Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.; Surgical Service, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.; Schwenk ES; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.; Allen BFS; Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.; Yang S; Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.; Hadeed JG; Hadeed Plastic Surgery, Beverly Hills, California, USA.; Schwartz G; AABP Integrative Pain Care, Melville, New York, USA.; Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.; Englesbe MJ; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.; Sprintz M; Sprintz Center for Pain and Recovery, Shenandoah, Texas, USA.; Urish KL; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.; Walton A; American Society of Anesthesiologists, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.; Keith L; American Society of Anesthesiologists, Park Ridge, Illinois, USA.; Buvanendran A; Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Publisher: BMJ Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9804508 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1532-8651 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10987339 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Reg Anesth Pain Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Patterson, S; Jose, S; Samji, H; Cescon, A; Ding, E; Zhu, J; Anderson, J; Burchell, AN; Cooper, C; Hill, T; Hull, M; Klein, MB; Loutfy, M; Martin, F; Machouf, N; Montaner, JSG; Nelson, M; Raboud, J; Rourke, SB; Tsoukas, C; Hogg, RS; Sabin, C; Kelly, Deborah; Sanche, Stephen; Wong, Alexander; Antoniou, Tony; Bayoumi, Ahmed; Nosyk, Bohdan; Cotterchio, Michelle; Goldsmith, Charlie; Guillemi, Silvia; Richard Harrigan, P.; Harris, Marianne; Hosein, Sean; Johnston, Sharon; Liddy, Clare; Lima, Viviane; Moore, David; Palmer, Alexis; Phillips, Peter; Rachlis, Anita; Smieja, Marek; Trottier, Benoit; Wainberg, Mark; Walmsley, Sharon; Archibald, Chris; Clement, Ken; Doolittle‐Romas, Monique; Edmiston, Laurie; Huskins, Brian; Lawless, Jerry; Lee, Douglas; Masching, Renee; Tattle, Stephen; Zahirieh, Alireza; Allen, Claire; Calvez, Stryker; Colley, Guillaume; Chia, Jason; Corsi, Daniel; Gilbert, Louise; Gataric, Nada; Leslie, Alia; Light, Lucia; Mackie, David; Pexos, Costa; Shurgold, Susan; Szadkowski, Leah; Wong, John; Yip, Benita; Younger, Jaime; Ainsworth, Jonathan; Allan, Sris; Babiker, Abdel; Chadwick, David; Delpech, Valerie; Dunn, David; Fisher, Martin; Gazzard, Brian; Gilson, Richard; Gompels, Mark; Hay, Phillip; Johnson, Margaret; Kegg, Stephen; Leen, Clifford; Orkin, Chloe; Palfreeman, Adrian; Phillips, Andrew; Pillay, Deenan; Post, Frank; Pritchard, Jillian; Sachikonye, Memory; Schwenk, Achim; Tariq, Anjum; Walsh, John; Thornton, Alicia; Glabay, Adam; Perry, Nicky; Tilbury, Stuart; Youssef, Elaney; Churchill, Duncan; Everett, Rhiannon; Asboe, David; Mandalia, Sundhiya; Korat, Hardik; Taylor, Chris; Gleisner, Zachary; Ibrahim, Fowzia; Campbell, Lucy; Brima, Nataliya; Williams, Ian; Youle, Mike; Lampe, Fiona; Smith, Colette; Tsintas, Rob; Chaloner, Clinton; Hutchinson, Samantha; Huntington, Susie; Mackie, Nicky; Winston, Alan; Weber, Jonathan; Ramzan, Farhan; Carder, Mark; Lynch, Janet; Hand, James; de Souza, Carl; Munshi, Sajid; Miller, Sheila; Wood, Chris; Wilson, Alan; Morris, Sheila; Allan, Sue; Memon, Khurram; Lewszuk, Adam; Cope, Emma; Gibson, Jane; Main, Paul; Dhillon, Mandip; Russell‐Sharpe, Sarah; Harte, Andrew; Clay, Stephen; Spencer, Hazel; Jones, Ron; Cumming, Shirley; Atkinson, Claire; Trevelion, Roy

HIV Medicine. Oct 01, 2017 18(9):655-666

Bickle, Allan (1-PASAL) AMS Author Profile; Schwenk, Allen (1-WMI-DM) AMS Author Profile

Discussiones Mathematicae. Graph Theory (Discuss. Math. Graph Theory) (20190101), 39, no. 2, 605-608. ISSN: 1234-3099 (print).eISSN: 2083-5892.

Schwenk, Allen J.; Yue, Bill Q.

Discrete Mathematics. 305:276-298

Schwenk, Allen J., author

The Mathematics of Various Entertaining Subjects: Research in Games, Graphs, Counting, and Complexity, Volume 2, 2017, ill.

Schwenk, Allen J.; Munro, J. Ian

The American Mathematical Monthly, 1983 May 01. 90(5), 325-329.

Newman, Morris; Johnson, Charles; Laugwitz, Detlef; Schwenk, Allen J.; Bondesen, Aage

The American Mathematical Monthly, 1976 Mar 01. 83(3), 201-204.

Letac, Gerard; Schwenk, Allen J.

The American Mathematical Monthly, 1983 Jan 01. 90(1), 57-60.

Schmidt, Frank; Sastry, K. R. S.; Fukuta, Jiro; Johnsonbaugh, Richard; Sajdak, Filip; Klamkin, Murray S.; Liu, Andy; Siu, Man-Keung; Andreoli, Michael H.; Chamberlain, Mike; Meyerson, Mark D.; Schwenk, Allen J.; Vowe, Michael; Oluyede, Broderick; Sedinger, Harry; Hurwitz, R. Daniel

The College Mathematics Journal, 1995 Sep 01. 26(4), 329-334.

Neuman MD; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Feng R; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Carson JL; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Gaskins LJ; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Dillane D; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Sessler DI; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Sieber F; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Magaziner J; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Marcantonio ER; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Mehta S; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Menio D; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Ayad S; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Stone T; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Papp S; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Schwenk ES; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Elkassabany N; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Marshall M; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Jaffe JD; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Luke C; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Sharma B; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Azim S; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Hymes RA; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Chin KJ; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Sheppard R; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Perlman B; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Sappenfield J; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Hauck E; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Hoeft MA; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Giska M; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Ranganath Y; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Tedore T; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Choi S; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Li J; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Kwofie MK; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Nader A; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Sanders RD; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Allen BFS; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Vlassakov K; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Kates S; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Fleisher LA; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Dattilo J; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Tierney A; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Stephens-Shields AJ; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Ellenberg SS; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Ash, Andrew; Ash, J. Marshall; Mcmurry, Timothy L.; Schwenk, Allen J.; Tenner, Bridget E.