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o ㅋ ㄱ ㅅ ㅈ ㅌ ㄷ 촉 ㄴ ㅎ ㅂ ㅃ ㅁ 야 ㄹ 와
ㅏ あ
a		 ぁ か
ka		 が
ga		 さ
sa		 ざ
za		 た
ta		 だ
da		 な
na		 は
ha		 ば
ba		 ぱ
pa		 ま
ma		 や
ya		 ゃ
lya		 ら
ra		 わ
wa		 ゎ
lwa		 ん
n
l い
i		 ぃ き
ki		 ぎ
gi		 し
si		 じ
zi		 ち
ti		 ぢ
di		 に
ni		 ひ
hi		 び
bi		 ぴ
pi		 み
mi		 り
ri
ㅜ う
u		 ぅ く
ku		 ぐ
gu		 す
su		 ず
zu		 つ
tu		 づ
du		 っ ぬ
nu		 ふ
hu		 ぶ
bu		 ぷ
pu		 む
mu		 ゆ
yu		 ゅ
lyu		 る
ru
ㅔ え
e		 ぇ け
ke		 げ
ge		 せ
se		 ぜ
ze		 て
te		 で
de		 ね
ne		 へ
he		 べ
be		 ぺ
pe		 め
me		 れ
re
ㅗ お
o		 ぉ こ
ko		 ご
go		 そ
so		 ぞ
zo		 と
to		 ど
do		 の
no		 ほ
ho		 ぼ
bo		 ぽ
po		 も
mo		 よ
yo		 ょ
lyo		 ろ
ro		 を
wo
o ㅋ ㄱ ㅅ ㅈ ㅌ ㄷ 촉 ㄴ ㅎ ㅂ ㅃ ㅁ 야 ㄹ 와
ㅏ ア
a		 ァ カ
ka		 ガ
ga		 サ
sa		 ザ
za		 タ
ta		 ダ
da		 ナ
na		 ハ
ha		 バ
ba		 パ
pa		 マ
ma		 ヤ
ya		 ャ
lya 		ラ
ra		 ワ
wa		 ヮ
lwa 		ン
n
l イ
i		 ィ キ
ki		 ギ
gi		 シ
si		 ジ
zi		 チ
ti		 ヂ
di		 ニ
ni		 ヒ
hi		 ビ
bi		 ピ
pi		 ミ
mi		 リ
ri
ㅜ ウ
u		 ゥ ク
ku		 グ
gu		 ス
su		 ズ
zu		 ツ
tu		 ヅ
du		 ッ ヌ
nu		 フ
hu		 ブ
bu		 プ
pu		 ム
mu		 ユ
yu		 ュ
lyu 		ル
ru		 ヴ
vu
ㅔ エ
e		 ェ ケ
ke		 ゲ
ge		 セ
se		 ゼ
ze		 テ
te		 デ
de		 ネ
ne		 ヘ
he		 ベ
be		 ぺ
pe		 メ
me		 レ
re
ㅗ オ
o		 ォ コ
ko		 ゴ
go		 ソ
so		 ゾ
zo		 ト
to		 ド
do		 ノ
no		 ホ
ho		 ボ
bo		 ポ
po		 モ
mo		 ヨ
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ro		 ヲ
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ー
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ä Ä ö Ö ü Ü ß                
프랑스어
á à Á À é è É È ç Ç ê        
스페인어
à á Á é É í Í Ó ó Ú ú Ñ ñ ä Ä
Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ  
Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω  
α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ  
ν ξ ο π ρ ς σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω
À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï
Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß  
à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï
ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ  
А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П
Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я  
а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п
р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я  
ⅰ ⅱ ⅲ ⅳ ⅴ ⅵ ⅶ ⅷ ⅸ ⅹ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ Ⅹ
ㅥ ㅦ ㅧ ㅨ ㅩ ㅪ ㅫ ㅬ ㅭ ㅮ ㅯ ㅰ ㅱ ㅲ ㅳ ㅴ ㅵ
ㅶ ㅷ ㅸ ㅹ ㅺ ㅻ ㅼ ㅽ ㅾ ㅿ ㆀ ㆁ ㆂ ㆃ ㆄ ㆅ ㆆ
ㆇ ㆈ ㆉ ㆊ ㆋ ㆌ ㆍ ㆎ                  
′ ″ ℃ Å ￠ ￡ ￥ ¤ ℉ ‰ ＄ ％ Ｆ ￦ ㎕ ㎖ ㎗ ℓ ㎘ ㏄
㎣ ㎤ ㎥ ㎦ ㎙ ㎚ ㎛ ㎜ ㎝ ㎞ ㎟ ㎠ ㎡ ㎢ ㏊ ㎍ ㎎ ㎏    
㏏ ㎈ ㎉ ㏈ ㎧ ㎨ ㎰ ㎱ ㎲ ㎳ ㎴ ㎵ ㎶ ㎷ ㎸ ㎹ ㎀ ㎁    
㎂ ㎃ ㎄ ㎺ ㎻ ㎽ ㎾ ㎿ ㎐ ㎑ ㎒ ㎓ ㎔ Ω ㏀ ㏁ ㎊ ㎋    
㎌ ㏖ ㏅ ㎭ ㎮ ㎯ ㏛ ㎩ ㎪ ㎫ ㎬ ㏝ ㏐ ㏓ ㏃ ㏉ ㏜ ㏆    
± × ÷ ≠ ≤ ≥ ∞ ∴ ∠ ⊥ ⌒ ∂ ∇ ≡ ≒
≪ ≫ √ ∽ ∝ ∵ ∫ ∬ ∈ ∋ ⊆ ⊇ ⊂ ⊃ ∪ ∩ ∧
∨ ￢ ⇒ ⇔ ∀ ∃ ∮ ∑ ∏ ＋ － ＜ ＝ ＞      
  ก ข ฃ ค ฅ ฆ ง จ ฉ ช ซ ฌ ญ ฎ ฏ
ฐ ฑ ฒ ณ ด ต ถ ท ธ น บ ป ผ ฝ พ ฟ
ภ ม ย ร ฤ ล ฦ ว ศ ษ ส ห ฬ อ ฮ ฯ
ะ ั า ำ ิ ี ึ ื ุ ู ฺ         ฿
เ แ โ ใ ไ ๅ ๆ ็ ่ ้ ๊ ๋ ์ ํ ๎ ๏
᠀ ᠁ ᠂ ᠃ ᠄ ᠅ ᠆ ᠇ ᠈ ᠉ ᠊          
᠐ ᠑ ᠒ ᠓ ᠔ ᠕ ᠖ ᠗ ᠘ ᠙            
ᠠ ᠡ ᠢ ᠣ ᠤ ᠥ ᠦ ᠧ ᠨ ᠩ ᠪ ᠫ ᠬ ᠭ ᠮ ᠯ
ᠰ ᠱ ᠲ ᠳ ᠴ ᠵ ᠶ ᠷ ᠸ ᠹ ᠺ ᠻ ᠼ ᠽ ᠾ ᠿ
ᡀ ᡁ ᡂ ᡃ ᡄ ᡅ ᡆ ᡇ ᡈ ᡉ ᡊ ᡋ ᡌ ᡍ ᡎ ᡏ
발행년
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(예 : 2010-2015)
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'학술논문' 에서 검색결과 173건 | 목록 1~20
Background of borrowed words in the english language and their translation: 62 "Salomlashish", "Murojaat", "Xayirlashuv" vaziyatlarida bir kishi kun davomida qayta-qayta duch keladi, nutq ko‗nikmalarini avtomatlashtirish nutqiy etiket formulalarini desemantizatsiya qilishga olib keladi. Biroq shu bilan birga bu erda tanlov amalga oshiriladi, ―nutqni avtomatlashtirish‖ aldamasligi kerak, chunki bunday nutq mexanik ravishda tanlansada, shubhasiz, til vositalariga faol munosabatni bildiradi [1; 8]. Sanab o‗tilgan vaziyztlarda nutqiy etiket formulalarinig avtomatik tanlovi, suhbatdoshning ―o'rtacha‖ holatidagina sodir bo‗ladi. Shu bilan birga, sinonimik qatorning stilistik jihatdan neytral, dominant birliklari mos keladigan intonatsion bezak qo‗llaniladi [2; 16]. Biroq, nutqiy etiket formulasining bunday ―o‗rtacha‖ intonatsion xususiyatlari o‗rnatilgan aloqa maqsada qarab talaffuz, salomlashish va murojaat formulalar kabi, yoki bo‗lmasa yakunlash maqsadida xayrlashuv formulasi kabi o‗zgarib boradi. Shunday qilib, bir mavzu guruhining nutqiy etiket formulasini bir necha bor takrorlash ma‘lum bir vaziyatda o‗ziga xos talaffuz stereotipini yaratadi, u yoki bu darajada jumla ma‘nosini o‗zgartirishi, muloyim muloqot ohangidan qo‗pollikka o‗tishi va butunlay muloqotni to‗xtatishi mumkin. Intonatsiyani biz keng ma‘noda elementlarni o‗zaro bog‗langan xuddi bitta so‗zdek tushunamiz: ohang, temp, ovoz balandligi, pauzalar va urg‗ular. Intonatiyaning akustik tuzilishi asosiy ohang chastotasi (AOCH) va o‗z vaqtida tezlashuvi majmuini o‗zida namoyon etadi. Til va nutqda intonatsiya gaplarning kommunikativ turlarini, gap qismlarini semantik ahamiyatiga, shakliga ko‗ra ajratadi, gapni ritmik guruh va sintagmalarga bo‗lib, bir butun ifodada sayqallaydi; aniq his-tuyg‗ularni ifodalaydi, matn osti ifodani ochib beradi, so‗zlovchi va muloqot vaziyatni tavsiflaydi. ADABIYOTLAR: 1. Armengaud, F. (2007), La pragmatique , Paris, PUF (5 e éd.) 2. Blanchet, Ph. (1995), La Pragmatique , Paris, Bertrand Lacoste, Coll. "Référence". BACKGROUND OF BORROWED WORDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND THEIR TRANSLATION Avezimbetova A. teacher, NSPI named after Ajiniyaz, Nukus, Uzbekistan Kaljanova U. teacher, NSPI named after Ajiniyaz, Nukus, Uzbekistan In linguistics, a calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation. Used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. "Calque" itself is a loan word from a French noun, and derives from the verb "calquer" (to trace, to copy). Loan translation is itself a calque of the German "Lehnubersetzung". Proving a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than an untranslated loan word, since in some cases a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the language proposed to be borrowing, or the calque contains less obvious imagery. New words. New technology, new fashions, new problems, new attitudes: the world is changing all the time and so is the English language. Every year new words are invented. Some become a permanent part of the language; others fall out of the language again when they are no longer needed. There's a display to show how far you've drilled down. From this page you can click through to all kinds of interesting stuff. A completely new verb may be formed by adding the adverb to a noun or an adjective, for example page through something: She paged through the report looking for her name. We'll have to scope out the project before we can estimate the time it'll take. Phrasal verbs are often turned into compound nouns and adjectives using a hyphen: We improved our click-through rate by 30%. We provide a walk-through (= a guide) to familiarize users with the dictionary [1; 98]. Compounds are the commonest type of new word, when two existing words are combined to give a new meaning. It is not hard to guess what an asylum seeker is, or home-schooling, if you know what the elements mean. One new combination inspires another. You probably know hardware and software, but do you know liveware and wetware, formed on the same principles? New words can be easier to remember if they rhyme, for example chick flick or shock jock, or alliterate (= repeat the same first letter), for example pester power and drag-and-drop. These new compounds are often imaginative or humorous, because they show connections between things that seem to be very different. Some examples are fashion victim (= someone who takes fashion too seriously), 63 golden handcuffs (= money used to encourage someone to stay in their job), and industrial-strength (used to talk about things other than industrial products). I've got an industrial-strength hangover. Portmanteau words, also called blends, are similar to compounds but may include only part of one or both of the original words in the new word: documentary + soap (opera) = docusoap. The figure they've given is nothing more than a guesstimate (= guess + estimate). Alterations to old words. Old words are given new forms to make them sound more fashionable or humorous. For example, they are shortened, like prezzie (= present) and barbie (= barbecue). Sometimes the second part of a compound word may be omitted, like cell (= cellphone). In other cases the initial letters of a compound may be run together to form a new word, such as JPEG (from Joint Photographic Experts Group) [2; 122]. Sometimes words are altered by being used as a different part of speech. An example of this is text, which was originally only a noun, but is now often used as a verb: Text me when you know what time you'll be arriving. Loan words are words that are borrowed from other languages. They often refer to foreign things - food, sports - that become popular or well-known in English-speaking countries. Sashimi (= slices of raw fish served with sauce) is from Japanese, capoeira (= a Brazilian martial art) from Portuguese and hijab (= a head covering worn by some Muslim women) from Persian and Arabic. Proper names. New products which are introduced are another source of new words, especially if the type of product becomes particularly associated with one brand. This has happened, for example, with Bluetooth and Palmcorder . Sometimes these brand names become so well-known that they can even be used as verbs: If you don't know what it means, you can google it. Names of people or fictional characters can also sometimes be taken up and used as normal words: He lives a Walter Mitty existence (= he is not in touch with reality) [3; 67]. New meanings for old words: sometimes the need for a new word can be filled by extending the meaning of a word that already exists. For example, in a business context a beauty contest is an occasion on which several competing companies or people try to persuade somediv to use their services; and wallpaper in computing is the background that you have on your computer screen. Adoption of the vocabulary is the interaction in rapprochement the nation on the ground of economical, cultural, political, and scientific relations. The bright example of this is the French borrowings. But many of them were exposed by different morphological, phonetic and lexical modifications and they have lost its French character and that is why they do not apprehend as foreign words. The way that words passed through to get into the English language was multiple-stage. Obeying the rules of adopting language some of them evolved new meanings which do not peculiar to their original variants. Accumulating with new meanings adopted word enlarges the sphere of possible word combinations, deeper penetrates into vocabulary, and more bifurcates its semantic structure with the other words. And at the same time it is clearly distinguished as an independent lexical unit of the language. To my mind we examined the problem of different adoptions in the English language. We have studied various ways of penetrating foreign words into the English vocabulary. But in spite of this it has not lost its originality. REFERENCES: 1. Arnold I.V. Lexicology of the Modern English language. -- Moscow, 1989 2. Buranov J. A Practical Course in English Lexicology. Tashkent, 1990. 3. Chambers J.K., Trudgill P. Dialectology. Cambridge University Press, 1998. 4. Hughes G. A History of English Words. Series: The Language Library. Blackwell Publishers, 1999.
Academic Journal
A Avezimbetova; U Kaljanova
Ренессанс в парадигме новаций образования и технологий в XXI веке. :63-64
Find it@PNU
Pragmatika va intonatsiyani fransuz nutqiy etiketida qo'llanilishi: 61 4. Хамдам У//JAHON ADABIYOTI: MODЕRNIZM VA POSTMODЕRNIZM (O‗quv qo‗llanma) Toshkеnt – 2020. 5. Холбеков М.Х АСР МОДЕРН АДАБИЁТИ МАНЗАРАЛАРИ. ПОСТМОДЕРНИЗМ АДАБИЁТИ ТАМОЙИЛЛАРИ https://kh-davron.uz/kutubxona/jahon/muhammadjon-xolbekov-modern-adabiyoti- manzaralari PRAGMATIKA VA INTONATSIYANI FRANSUZ NUTQIY ETIKETIDA QO„LLANILISHI Dehqonov I. o‗qituvchi, nemis va fransuz tillari kafedrasi, FarDU, Farg‘ona, O‘zbekiston e-mail: dehqonov@mail.ru tel: +998916770358 Nutqiy etiket formulalari u yoki bu darajada o‗z ichiga olgan, nutqiy harakatning asosiy turlari boshqalaridan ajralib turadi: direktiv (ko‗rsatma)lar, komissiyalar, ekspressiv (ta‘sirchanlik)lar, deklarativ(rasmiy)lar, reprezantativ (taqdimot)lar - ma'lumotli nutq harakatlari (xabarlari)ni maqolamiz doirasida ko‗rib chqishga harakat qilamiz. Har qanday nutqiy aktning asosiy xususiyati; niyat, maqsadga intilish, kelishuv hisoblanadi. Nutqiy aktlar har doimo so‗zlovchi shaxsi bilan bog‗loqdir. Masalan: ―Allô , bonjour, Madame! Je suis directeur commercial de la Compagnie Aubert. Je voudrais parler à Monsieur Laroche.‖ ―– Quel est votre nom?‖ Quyidagi holda nutqiy etiket salomlashish va xayrlashish shakllari bo‗lib xizmat qilishi mumkin ―Au revoir, chère amie, et à très bientôt‖ jumla maktubda ma'lumot beruvchi nutq akti bo‗lib keladi [1; 5]. Nutq harakatlarining har xil turlari (salomlashish, xayrlashish, tasdiqlash, iltimos va boshqalar) illokutiv harakatlar deyiladi. Perlokutiv harakat - bu harakat, aytilgan gap qaysiki tinglovchiga ta'sir qiladi. Bu bilan shuni nazarda tutiladiki tinglovchi nutq ma'nosini tushunishigagina emas, balki tinglovchining holati yoki xatti-harakatlaridagi o'zgarishlar tushunish natijasi hisoblanadi [2; 3]. Nutq akti modelida gapning ma‘nosi uch komponentga bo‗linadi: 1) aytilayotgan gap (lokutsiya), 2) xatti-harakat ma‘nosi nimani ifodalaydi (illokutsiya), 3) nutqning samarasi yoli ta'sir natijasi qanday (perlokutsiya) [1; 6]. Ushbu modelni misolda ko‗rib chiqamiz: ―- Bonjour, Monsieur. Vous désirez? – Voila: je n‘ai jamais fait de ski, j'en ai très envie, mais je n'ai pas tellement de temps‖, bu erda birinchi luqma lokutiv akt hioblanib, qiziqtirish (illokutsiya) ni ifodalaydi, luqmaga javob perelokutiv akt hisoblanadi. Nutqiy aktning markaziy momenti(daqiqasi) illokutsiya-nutqiy harakat turi hisoblanadi. Nutqiy etiket pragmatika doirasida nutq sub‘ekti bilan aloqada, aniq yoki yopiq maqsadni ifodalashi mumkin (Ostinning fikricha, ―illokutsion kuchlar‖), Ya'ni, nutqiy etiket "illokutsion kuchlar" bilan tavsiflanadi. Nutqiy etiket o‗zida, qoidalarini tartibga soluvchi tizimni ifodalovchi nutq odobi o‗rnatish, tanlangan ohangda suhbatdosh bilan aloqani qo‗llab-quvvatlash yoki to‗xtatish uchun jamiyat tomonidan qabul qilingan va belgilangan milliy o‗ziga xos stereotipli barqaror aloqa shakllarini ifoda etadi [1; 7], shaxs nutqining nutq harakati maydoni koordinatini o‗z ichiga oladi; semantik koordinat, har bir aniq til uchun o‗ziga xos bo‗lgan nutqiy etiket birligi tizimini namoyon qiladi; pragmatik koordinat, berilgan birliklarni ishlata olish qobiliyatini ifodalaydi; shuningdek, integrativ koordinat tufayli nutq etiket birliklari yuqori darajadagi konstruktiv element birliklari bo‗lishi mumkin [2; 5]. Nutqiy etiket integratsiyasi muloqotning umumiy kontekstiga uning visitasida ham asosiy lingvistik (kommunikativ, kognitiv) ham ixtisoslashgan (tartibga solish, yig‗ish, aloqa o‗rnatish) funksiyalari orqali amalga oshiriladi. Nutqiy etiketning asosiy ixtisoslashgan funksiyasi - bu ma‘lum darajada aloqa o‗rnatish yoki fatik funksiyalar hisoblanib, nutqiy etiketning aniq darajalarida, salomlashuv yoki murojaat vaziyatidan to xayirlashuv vaziyatigacha amalga oshiriladi. Nutqiy etiket, umuman xuddi etiketdek qandaydir taomil, "taomillashtirilgan" nutqni muloqot aktining elementar namunasi-o‗zaro nutqiy aktlar yoki ularni tashkil etuvchi luqmalarni o‗zida namoyon etadi. Taomillashtirilgan nutqning namunasi quyidagicha tavsiflanadi: muloqot va nutqiy harakatda suhbatdoshlarning nutqini bo‗lmaslik; Xuddi shunday nutq harakati nutqiy ta‘sir xarakteriga ega, qaysiki suhbatdoshni shunga o‗xshash nutqiy harakat bilan javob berishga undaydi (masalan, salom→salom; xayr→xayr, (ko‗rishguncha) xayr) va boshqalar). Nutqiy etiket formulalarini ishlatishdan maqsad, xuddi qoida tariqasida, muloqotga kirishish va uni davom ettirishda, hamda to‗xtatishda ham qulay aloqa ohangini yaratish zaruriyati oldindan belgilanadi. Nutq odobini mos qoidalarda amalga oshirish zaruriyati va ehtiyojni tushunish motiv bilan belgilanadi. Shunday qilib, nutqiy ko‗nikmalar darajasida nutqtiy etiket birliklarini amalga oshirish mos vaziyatlarda tayyor nutq formulalarini qayta ishlatishga olib keladi. 62 "Salomlashish", "Murojaat", "Xayirlashuv" vaziyatlarida bir kishi kun davomida qayta-qayta duch keladi, nutq ko‗nikmalarini avtomatlashtirish nutqiy etiket formulalarini desemantizatsiya qilishga olib keladi. Biroq shu bilan birga bu erda tanlov amalga oshiriladi, ―nutqni avtomatlashtirish‖ aldamasligi kerak, chunki bunday nutq mexanik ravishda tanlansada, shubhasiz, til vositalariga faol munosabatni bildiradi [1; 8]. Sanab o‗tilgan vaziyztlarda nutqiy etiket formulalarinig avtomatik tanlovi, suhbatdoshning ―o'rtacha‖ holatidagina sodir bo‗ladi. Shu bilan birga, sinonimik qatorning stilistik jihatdan neytral, dominant birliklari mos keladigan intonatsion bezak qo‗llaniladi [2; 16]. Biroq, nutqiy etiket formulasining bunday ―o‗rtacha‖ intonatsion xususiyatlari o‗rnatilgan aloqa maqsada qarab talaffuz, salomlashish va murojaat formulalar kabi, yoki bo‗lmasa yakunlash maqsadida xayrlashuv formulasi kabi o‗zgarib boradi. Shunday qilib, bir mavzu guruhining nutqiy etiket formulasini bir necha bor takrorlash ma‘lum bir vaziyatda o‗ziga xos talaffuz stereotipini yaratadi, u yoki bu darajada jumla ma‘nosini o‗zgartirishi, muloyim muloqot ohangidan qo‗pollikka o‗tishi va butunlay muloqotni to‗xtatishi mumkin. Intonatsiyani biz keng ma‘noda elementlarni o‗zaro bog‗langan xuddi bitta so‗zdek tushunamiz: ohang, temp, ovoz balandligi, pauzalar va urg‗ular. Intonatiyaning akustik tuzilishi asosiy ohang chastotasi (AOCH) va o‗z vaqtida tezlashuvi majmuini o‗zida namoyon etadi. Til va nutqda intonatsiya gaplarning kommunikativ turlarini, gap qismlarini semantik ahamiyatiga, shakliga ko‗ra ajratadi, gapni ritmik guruh va sintagmalarga bo‗lib, bir butun ifodada sayqallaydi; aniq his-tuyg‗ularni ifodalaydi, matn osti ifodani ochib beradi, so‗zlovchi va muloqot vaziyatni tavsiflaydi. ADABIYOTLAR: 1. Armengaud, F. (2007), La pragmatique , Paris, PUF (5 e éd.) 2. Blanchet, Ph. (1995), La Pragmatique , Paris, Bertrand Lacoste, Coll. "Référence". BACKGROUND OF BORROWED WORDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND THEIR TRANSLATION Avezimbetova A. teacher, NSPI named after Ajiniyaz, Nukus, Uzbekistan Kaljanova U. teacher, NSPI named after Ajiniyaz, Nukus, Uzbekistan In linguistics, a calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation. Used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. "Calque" itself is a loan word from a French noun, and derives from the verb "calquer" (to trace, to copy). Loan translation is itself a calque of the German "Lehnubersetzung". Proving a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than an untranslated loan word, since in some cases a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the language proposed to be borrowing, or the calque contains less obvious imagery. New words. New technology, new fashions, new problems, new attitudes: the world is changing all the time and so is the English language. Every year new words are invented. Some become a permanent part of the language; others fall out of the language again when they are no longer needed. There's a display to show how far you've drilled down. From this page you can click through to all kinds of interesting stuff. A completely new verb may be formed by adding the adverb to a noun or an adjective, for example page through something: She paged through the report looking for her name. We'll have to scope out the project before we can estimate the time it'll take. Phrasal verbs are often turned into compound nouns and adjectives using a hyphen: We improved our click-through rate by 30%. We provide a walk-through (= a guide) to familiarize users with the dictionary [1; 98]. Compounds are the commonest type of new word, when two existing words are combined to give a new meaning. It is not hard to guess what an asylum seeker is, or home-schooling, if you know what the elements mean. One new combination inspires another. You probably know hardware and software, but do you know liveware and wetware, formed on the same principles? New words can be easier to remember if they rhyme, for example chick flick or shock jock, or alliterate (= repeat the same first letter), for example pester power and drag-and-drop. These new compounds are often imaginative or humorous, because they show connections between things that seem to be very different. Some examples are fashion victim (= someone who takes fashion too seriously),
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A genomic catalog of Earth’s microbiomes
Academic Journal
Nayfach, S.; Roux, S.; Seshadri, R.; Udwary, D.; Varghese, N.; Schulz, F.; Wu, D.; Paez-Espino, D.; Chen, I.; Huntemann, M.; Palaniappan, K.; Ladau, J.; Mukherjee, S.; Reddy, T.; Nielsen, T.; Kirton, E.; Faria, J.; Edirisinghe, J.; Henry, C.; Jungbluth, S.; Chivian, D.; Dehal, P.; Wood-Charlson, E.; Arkin, A.; Tringe, S.; Visel, A.; Abreu, H.; Acinas, S.; Allen, E.; Allen, M.; Alteio, L.; Andersen, G.; Anesio, A.; Attwood, G.; Avila-Magaña, V.; Badis, Y.; Bailey, J.; Baker, B.; Baldrian, P.; Barton, H.; Beck, D.; Becraft, E.; Beller, H.; Beman, J.; Bernier-Latmani, R.; Berry, T.; Bertagnolli, A.; Bertilsson, S.; Bhatnagar, J.; Bird, J.; Blanchard, J.; Blumer-Schuette, S.; Bohannan, B.; Borton, M.; Brady, A.; Brawley, S.; Brodie, J.; Brown, S.; Brum, J.; Brune, A.; Bryant, D.; Buchan, A.; Buckley, D.; Buongiorno, J.; Cadillo-Quiroz, H.; Caffrey, S.; Campbell, A.; Campbell, B.; Carr, S.; Carroll, J.; Cary, S.; Cates, A.; Cattolico, R.; Cavicchioli, R.; Chistoserdova, L.; Coleman, M.; Constant, P.; Conway, J.; Mac Cormack, W.; Crowe, S.; Crump, B.; Currie, C.; Daly, R.; DeAngelis, K.; Denef, V.; Denman, S.; Desta, A.; Dionisi, H.; Dodsworth, J.; Dombrowski, N.; Donohue, T.; Dopson, M.; Driscoll, T.; Dunfield, P.; Dupont, C.; Dynarski, K.; Edgcomb, V.; Edwards, E.; Elshahed, M.; Figueroa, I.; Flood, B.; Fortney, N.; Fortunato, C.; Francis, C.; Gachon, C.; Garcia, S.; Gazitua, M.; Gentry, T.; Gerwick, L.; Gharechahi, J.; Girguis, P.; Gladden, J.; Gradoville, M.; Grasby, S.; Gravuer, K.; Grettenberger, C.; Gruninger, R.; Guo, J.; Habteselassie, M.; Hallam, S.; Hatzenpichler, R.; Hausmann, B.; Hazen, T.; Hedlund, B.; Henny, C.; Herfort, L.; Hernandez, M.; Hershey, O.; Hess, M.; Hollister, E.; Hug, L.; Hunt, D.; Jansson, J.; Jarett, J.; Kadnikov, V.; Kelly, C.; Kelly, R.; Kelly, W.; Kerfeld, C.; Kimbrel, J.; Klassen, J.; Konstantinidis, K.; Lee, L.; Li, W.; Loder, A.; Loy, A.; Lozada, M.; MacGregor, B.; Magnabosco, C.; Maria da Silva, A.; McKay, R.; McMahon, K.; McSweeney, C.; Medina, M.; Meredith, L.; Mizzi, J.; Mock, T.; Momper, L.; Moran, M.; Morgan-Lang, C.; Moser, D.; Muyzer, G.; Myrold, D.; Nash, M.; Nesbø, C.; Neumann, A.; Neumann, R.; Noguera, D.; Northen, T.; Norton, J.; Nowinski, B.; Nüsslein, K.; O’Malley, M.; Oliveira, R.; Maia de Oliveira, V.; Onstott, T.; Osvatic, J.; Ouyang, Y.; Pachiadaki, M.; Parnell, J.; Partida-Martinez, L.; Peay, K.; Pelletier, D.; Peng, X.; Pester, M.; Pett-Ridge, J.; Peura, S.; Pjevac, P.; Plominsky, A.; Poehlein, A.; Pope, P.; Ravin, N.; Redmond, M.; Reiss, R.; Rich, V.; Rinke, C.; Rodrigues, J.; Rodriguez-Reillo, W.; Rossmassler, K.; Sackett, J.; Salekdeh, G.; Saleska, S.; Scarborough, M.; Schachtman, D.; Schadt, C.; Schrenk, M.; Sczyrba, A.; Sengupta, A.; Setubal, J.; Shade, A.; Sharp, C.; Sherman, D.; Shubenkova, O.; Sierra-Garcia, I.; Simister, R.; Simon, H.; Sjöling, S.; Slonczewski, J.; Correa de Souza, R.; Spear, J.; Stegen, J.; Stepanauskas, R.; Stewart, F.; Suen, G.; Sullivan, M.; Sumner, D.; Swan, B.; Swingley, W.; Tarn, J.; Taylor, G.; Teeling, H.; Tekere, M.; Teske, A.; Thomas, T.; Thrash, C.; Tiedje, J.; Ting, C.; Tully, B.; Tyson, G.; Ulloa, O.; Valentine, D.; Van Goethem, M.; VanderGheynst, J.; Verbeke, T.; Vollmers, J.; Vuillemin, A.; Waldo, N.; Walsh, D.; Weimer, B.; Whitman, T.; van der Wielen, P.; Wilkins, M.; Williams, T.; Woodcroft, B.; Woolet, J.; Wrighton, K.; Ye, J.; Young, E.; Youssef, N.; Yu, F.; Zemskaya, T.; Ziels, R.; Woyke, T.; Mouncey, N.; Ivanova, N.; Kyrpides, N.; Eloe-Fadrosh, E.; Consortium, I.
Nat Biotechnol
Digital.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
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Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Nature Biotechnology
Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research Publications
Nature biotechnology, 39, 499–509
Nature Biotechnology, vol 39, iss 4
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Pocket Oxford Irish Dictionary: English-Irish, 1 ed., 2004.
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A scanning tunneling microscopy study of polycrystalline lead phthalocyanine thin films
Academic Journal
O. Pester; A. Mrwa; M. Hietschold
Physica Status Solidi (a). 131:19-23
Scopus Find it@PNU
Patent
Open Access (USPTO) Find it@PNU
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