[휴실] 새벽벌도서관 2층 열람실(새벽별당 제외) 및 4층 쉼터 리모델링 안내 (공사기간: ~ 3. 31.)
[휴관] 천장 배관 교체 공사 기간 중앙도서관 '휴관' 실시 및 방문대출 서비스 안내 ( ~ 3. 2.)
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2026년 2월 학위논문(원문파일/인쇄본) 제출 안내_원문파일 제출 기한 연장 : ~2.20.(금)

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ㅏ あ
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ru
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me		 れ
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so		 ぞ
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no		 ほ
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bo		 ぽ
po		 も
mo		 よ
yo		 ょ
lyo		 ろ
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wo
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ㅏ ア
a		 ァ カ
ka		 ガ
ga		 サ
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da		 ナ
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ru		 ヴ
vu
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ke		 ゲ
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se		 ゼ
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me		 レ
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ko		 ゴ
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ho		 ボ
bo		 ポ
po		 モ
mo		 ヨ
yo		 ョ
lyo 		ロ
ro		 ヲ
wo		 ー
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독일어
ä Ä ö Ö ü Ü ß                
프랑스어
á à Á À é è É È ç Ç ê        
스페인어
à á Á é É í Í Ó ó Ú ú Ñ ñ ä Ä
Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ  
Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω  
α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ  
ν ξ ο π ρ ς σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω
À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï
Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß  
à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï
ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ  
А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П
Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я  
а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п
р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я  
ⅰ ⅱ ⅲ ⅳ ⅴ ⅵ ⅶ ⅷ ⅸ ⅹ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ Ⅹ
ㅥ ㅦ ㅧ ㅨ ㅩ ㅪ ㅫ ㅬ ㅭ ㅮ ㅯ ㅰ ㅱ ㅲ ㅳ ㅴ ㅵ
ㅶ ㅷ ㅸ ㅹ ㅺ ㅻ ㅼ ㅽ ㅾ ㅿ ㆀ ㆁ ㆂ ㆃ ㆄ ㆅ ㆆ
ㆇ ㆈ ㆉ ㆊ ㆋ ㆌ ㆍ ㆎ                  
′ ″ ℃ Å ￠ ￡ ￥ ¤ ℉ ‰ ＄ ％ Ｆ ￦ ㎕ ㎖ ㎗ ℓ ㎘ ㏄
㎣ ㎤ ㎥ ㎦ ㎙ ㎚ ㎛ ㎜ ㎝ ㎞ ㎟ ㎠ ㎡ ㎢ ㏊ ㎍ ㎎ ㎏    
㏏ ㎈ ㎉ ㏈ ㎧ ㎨ ㎰ ㎱ ㎲ ㎳ ㎴ ㎵ ㎶ ㎷ ㎸ ㎹ ㎀ ㎁    
㎂ ㎃ ㎄ ㎺ ㎻ ㎽ ㎾ ㎿ ㎐ ㎑ ㎒ ㎓ ㎔ Ω ㏀ ㏁ ㎊ ㎋    
㎌ ㏖ ㏅ ㎭ ㎮ ㎯ ㏛ ㎩ ㎪ ㎫ ㎬ ㏝ ㏐ ㏓ ㏃ ㏉ ㏜ ㏆    
± × ÷ ≠ ≤ ≥ ∞ ∴ ∠ ⊥ ⌒ ∂ ∇ ≡ ≒
≪ ≫ √ ∽ ∝ ∵ ∫ ∬ ∈ ∋ ⊆ ⊇ ⊂ ⊃ ∪ ∩ ∧
∨ ￢ ⇒ ⇔ ∀ ∃ ∮ ∑ ∏ ＋ － ＜ ＝ ＞      
  ก ข ฃ ค ฅ ฆ ง จ ฉ ช ซ ฌ ญ ฎ ฏ
ฐ ฑ ฒ ณ ด ต ถ ท ธ น บ ป ผ ฝ พ ฟ
ภ ม ย ร ฤ ล ฦ ว ศ ษ ส ห ฬ อ ฮ ฯ
ะ ั า ำ ิ ี ึ ื ุ ู ฺ         ฿
เ แ โ ใ ไ ๅ ๆ ็ ่ ้ ๊ ๋ ์ ํ ๎ ๏
᠀ ᠁ ᠂ ᠃ ᠄ ᠅ ᠆ ᠇ ᠈ ᠉ ᠊          
᠐ ᠑ ᠒ ᠓ ᠔ ᠕ ᠖ ᠗ ᠘ ᠙            
ᠠ ᠡ ᠢ ᠣ ᠤ ᠥ ᠦ ᠧ ᠨ ᠩ ᠪ ᠫ ᠬ ᠭ ᠮ ᠯ
ᠰ ᠱ ᠲ ᠳ ᠴ ᠵ ᠶ ᠷ ᠸ ᠹ ᠺ ᠻ ᠼ ᠽ ᠾ ᠿ
ᡀ ᡁ ᡂ ᡃ ᡄ ᡅ ᡆ ᡇ ᡈ ᡉ ᡊ ᡋ ᡌ ᡍ ᡎ ᡏ
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'학술논문' 에서 검색결과 214건 | 목록 1~20
What is philology and its difference from other areas: Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 12 Abstract : This article provides information about the history of philology, teaching methodology, what philology is, and its difference from other fields. Key words : Philology, teaching methodology, science, linguistics, literary studies, tex- tual studies, source studies. Philology (from ancient Greek: philologia - «love of words», «love of words») is a general science consisting of the cooperation of humanities - linguistics, literary studies, textual studies, source studies, paleography, and others; studies the histo-ry and essence of human spiritual culture by linguistic and stylistic analysis of writ-ten monuments. The text, which consists of the sum of its internal issues and ex-ternal relations, is the first basis that determines the existence of philology. By focusing on the text and creating supporting comments (the most ancient form of philological works), philology covers human life, first of all, spiritual life with all its breadth and depth. Philology appeared in the period when the culture of writing was relatively advanced. The ancient highly developed cultures of the Middle East were almost unaware of philology, and in the Middle Ages Western Europe did not pay enough attention to it either; At the same time, philology is the homeland of philosophy. In India and Greece, thinking about words and speech, in the way of its analysis, appeared in harmony with philosophy. Despite the conflicts that later occurred between the pursuit of abstraction in philosophy and the precision and concreteness of philology, the initial integrity and unity of philosophy and philolo-gy was not accidental: the periods of the rise and development of philology often coincided with the great periods of epistemological thought (for example, in the Hellenistic world - from Aristotle, in Europe in the 17th century - It happened after R. Descartes, in Germany in the 19th century - I. Kant). Qad. Chinese culture had its own philological traditions (Liu Se’s works, 5th-6th centuries AD). But Qad. The philological teachings of India and China, and their achievements in this field, were not known to Europeans until recent times. The traditions of European philology relied entirely on Greek sources, and ancient Sunyo philology. During the period of the Sophists (2nd half of the 5th century - 1st half of the 4th century BC), the ABDURAKHMONOVA MOKHINUR BAKHROMJON QIZI Student of Uzbek StateWorld Language University KHODIYEVA SHAKHNOZA ABDULLAYEVNA Senior teacher of Uzbek State World Language University WHAT IS PHILOLOGY AND ITS DIFFERENCE FROM OTHER AREAS https://doi.org/10.47689/STARS.university-pp12-16 STARS International University 13 field of literature is sufficiently separated from the non-literary environment to become the object of theoretical poetics and philology. Among the sophists, Pro-tagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and others made great contributions to the develop-ment of philological methods; Greek literary theory rises to a higher level with Aristotle’s Poetics. In the Hellenistic period (3rd-1st centuries BC), philology was separated from the science of philosophy and passed into the hands of specialists - the librarians of Alexandria and Pergamum: they were engaged in identifying and interpreting the corrected texts of ancient authors. Dionysius of Thrace (c. 150-90 BC) developed a theory of word groups that is still in use today. Among the schol-ars of the early Christian era, Origen and Jerome (the person who first translated the Bible into Latin) carried out enormous textological works on the original ver-sion of the Bible and the Greek translation. The tradition of Greek philology was continued in Byzantium in the Middle Ages, preserving its ancient status (study and interpretation of classic texts); After the fall of the Roman Empire (1453), Re-naissance Italy inherited Byzantine philology thanks to the fleeing scholars. Qad. In Rome, philology was distinguished from phammatics, which studied the gram-matical aspect of the language, spelling. The next stage of development of philol-ogy is associated with the treatises of Dante, Boccaccio, Petrarch, and Lorenzo Wall during the Renaissance. In these treatises, the true content of Aristotle’s works is revealed, p. the written texts of Greek and Roman writers were studied and interpreted from a critical point of view. During the period when philology was depressed in Europe in the Middle Ages, during the 8th-14th centuries, Arabic philology began to develop on a large scale. In Arabic philology, the fields of lin-guistics and partly literary studies are developed. During this period, Kufa and Basra grammar schools (currents) emerged. Representatives of the grammar school of Basra: Khalil ibn Ahmad (8th century) and his student Sibawayhi devel-oped the standards of the classical Arabic language in their works and compiled the first explanatory dictionary of the Arabic language. Sibawayhi divided the word groups into 3 main groups (noun, verb, letter) defined the syntactic relations of word groups. The representatives of the Kufa grammar stream devoted their works to the syntax of the Arabic language and the dialectal grammatical features of the Arabic language. In the 9th and 10th centuries, both grammatical streams rose to the level of an independent school of linguistics. On the basis of Basra and Kufa fammatic trends, the Baghdad fammatic school was created, and the Bagh-dad grammatical theory was created. Ibn Jinni (10th century), a representative of the Baghdad grammar school, paid attention to issues of etymology in his works. As the rule of the Arab caliphate spread to Syria, Egypt, Iran, Spain, and Central Asia, philologists developed in these regions under the influence of the philologi-cal currents of Kufa, Basra, and Baghdad. representatives also participated. En-glish orientalist Ye. According to Brown, 30 of the 45 most influential representa-tives of Arab science and culture were representatives of non-Arab peoples. The emergence of the science of Turkic philology is also connected with the scientific activities of these scientists. Although philology was not considered a special sci-ence among the Turkic peoples in ancient times, there are many works related to it - dictionaries, grammars, treatises on literary studies, reviews, books on the his-tory and ethnography of the Turkic peoples. written Mahmud Koshgari (11th cen-tury) occupies a special place in the history of culture and science of Turkic peo- Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 14 ples. He is one of the scientists and the first to create the science of Turkic philol-ogy. His work «Devonu Lugotit Turk» covers almost all areas of this science: lexi-con, phonetics and morphology of Turkic languages, classification of Turkic lan-guages, oral creativity of Turkic peoples, etc. The work also contains valuable in-formation on ethnography, toponymy, and geographical location of Turkic peo-ples. M. Koshgari also founded the comparative study of languages. Mahmoud Zamakhshari (11th-12th centuries), nicknamed «Jorullah» («Neighbor of God») by the scholars of his time, made a great contribution to the development of Eastern science and culture. He created more than 50 works related to philosophy, history, literary studies, folklore studies, linguistics. His work «Mukaddimat uladab» is im-portant not only in terms of studying the history of the Arabic language and lin-guistics, but also in terms of studying the history of the languages of the Turkic peoples. In the dictionary part of the work, Persian and Mongolian translations of Arabic words as well as Turkish translations are given. In addition to these, more than 10 monolingual or bilingual explanatory dictionaries created by well-known or unknown authors in the 13th-19th centuries made a certain contribution to the development of the science of philology in Turkic languages. Also, Alisher Navoi’s works «Muhokamat ullugatayn», «Mezon ulavzon», «Majolis unnafois», «Tarihi mu-luki Ajam», Babur’s «Mukhtasar» («Risolai aruz») and «Boburnoma», Abul g hozi Bahadirkhan’s «Shajarai turk» and « «Shajarai tarokima» books, historical works of authors such as Munis, Ogahi, Bayani, Sheikh Ahmad Tarazi’s book «Funun ulbalo-ga» on literary studies and other scientific works enriched the science of philology in a broad sense. In the 18th century in Germany, the philologist I.I. A new era of philology begins due to the emergence of Winckelmann’s theory of «neohuman-ism» (new humanism). The question of the whole, whole image of the an c ient world is raised with the same scientific rigor as it was during the Renaissance. German philologist philology A. Wolf uses the term «philology» as the name of the science of antiquity, the ancient world. During this period, philology was under-stood in a very broad sense and included not only the study of a specific national language and literature, but also history, philosophy, art, and even material cul-ture. Philology. the department that studies cultural monuments and i nterprets the works of Greek and Roman authors was later called «classical philology». In the 19th century, the process of separation of philology from other disciplines in-tensified. As a result of the work of German philologists G. Uzener, E. Rode, U. von Wilamowitz Möllendorf and others, world history is separated from philology as an independent branch of science; at the same time, under the influence of romanti-cism and other Goya trends, along with «classical philology», «new philology» was born: Germanic studies (such as Ya. and V. Grimm), Slavic studies (A. Vostokov, V. Ganka), Oriental studies. At the same time, the Grimms, philologist Dietz, I. Do-brovsky, A. Vostokov and other philologists developed the comparative-historical method of language study. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the science of Turkic studies appeared as a branch of philology. During the period when special departments of philology as above appeared and the comparative historical method began to be used, the concept of philology narrowed and became equal to linguistics. At the end of the 19th and the begin-ning of the 20th century, the concept of philology became clearer and included the study of languages and literature; such disciplines as textology, source stud- STARS International University 15 ies, paleography appear as auxiliary fields of philology, especially the formation and development of textology played an important role in publishing manuscripts and works of classic poets (for example, Yusuf Khos Hajib, Atoi, Navoi, Babur; Pushkin, Lermontov, etc.). Linguistics and literary studies that make up philology, in turn, are divided into special fields: general linguistics, language history, the study of modern languages; folklore studies are also included in the scope of liter-ary theory, literary history, literary criticism and other philology because folklore is also an art of speech. Modern philology reveals new problems of language and literature study and develops new methods; developing a continuous connection with written sources typical of all periods of social life; philological research is being conducted with a deep scientific and critical approach to existing sourc-es. The most important characteristic of modern philology is to limit its tasks to the tasks of such subjects as history, philosophy, art history, and cultural history, which were separated from the bosom of philology, which was once considered a single, integrated science, and at the same time, creative cooperation with them. Although the foundations of Uzbek philology go back to the times and works of M. Koshgari, M. Zamakhshari, it has developed in a unique way over the years! how-ever, Uzbek philology in the current sense began to form at the beginning of the 20th century: Uzbek linguistics, literary studies, source studies, and textual studies developed as branches of philological science. Current Uzbek philology is devel-oping in every way as a component of world philology. M. Behbudi, Fitrat, Chol-pon, Avloni, Elbek, Ghozi Olim Yunusov, A. Zahiri, Otajon Hashim, Hodi Zaripov, S. Ibrohimov, P. Shamsiyev, Sh. Khurshid, Olim Sharafiddinov, S. Mutallibov, Izzat Sultan, O. Usmanov, S. Usmanov, U. Tursunov, philology Kamal, V. Abdullayev, V. Zohidov, G‘. Karimov, philology Abdullayev, A. Gulomov, H. Sulaymanov, Russian scientists Ye. Polivanov, K. Yudakhin, A. Borovkov, V. Reshetov, A. Kononov, A. Shcherbak, and others have significant contributions. Also Sh. Shoabdurahman-ov, G. Abdurahmonov, A. Hayitmetov, A. Kayumov, A. Rustamov, Q. Mahmudov, M. Askarova, HI. Rahmatullayev, A. Hajiyev, A. Abdugafurov, B. Valikhojhayev, N. Karimov, T. Mirzayev, B. Nazarov, E. Fozilov, E. Begmatov, H. Nematov, A. Nur-monov, N. Makhmudov, and other contemporary Uzbeks have been participating in the development of philology with their scientific research. Philology has faced difficulties in the English-speaking world. Many Americans who studied in college do not know this word, and those who often repeat texts written by ancient Greek or Roman classics. Philology is a science of science. the king, the pride of the first great modern universities - grew up in Germany in the eighteenth and nine-teenth centuries. In the twelve years before 1850, the most advanced humanistic research in the United States and Great Britain and its generative currents were sent through the intellectual life of Europe and America. philosophy of text (liter-ature such as classical and biblical studies, «Sanskrit and Arabic», «Medieval and modern European writers»); 2) the theory of the origin and nature of language and (3) the comparative structure and historical evolution of languages and language families study ».»The events that happened since 1800 were the origin of «compar-ative philology», events that happened by Darwinists, such as «the common origin of humans», was based on the widest horizons and new knowledge. By the 18th century, English colonial leaders who were covering botany and Greek at school, realized that they had to do their work properly in classical Persian and even San- Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 16 skrit, they could not help noticing similarities between the oriental languages and their classical counterparts, but what was their meaning, and what was the origin of the distinction of language rather than of species?» The comparative philology of the study and development of true Indo-European languages quickly gained great respect in Germany.» Answer Grimm, true expressions of philologists and rare collectors, «There is no punishment, or so cruel to error. As mathematics or physics, in every sense a hard science, serious details have a cruel morality.» Popular English Philology to all kinds of questions about, etymology, different types of pronunciation and grammatical usage, sources of Cockney vocabulary, words, original place and per-sonal names, and pronunciation, it is very interesting to hear things discussed in railway stations and smoking rooms you can read long letters about them in the press, sometimes decorated with random, misunderstood, misinterpreted and used interesting information No, the subject of English philology is street has a strange fascination for the man within, but almost everything that is thought and said about it is wonderfully and hopelessly mistaken. English Philology attracts a greater number of cranks and defects than the giyas, which is the knowledge of people who are probably less educated on any subject. the general ignorance about it is so profound that it is very difficult to convince people that it is really a well-known fact and a definite doctrine on linguistic matters.» «If the nineteenth language of language is the century of discovery, the twentieth century is the century of language attachment. The nineteenth-century distinguished language in several ways: it learned to see language as an amalgam of sounds, and therefore how to study sounds, to understand the diversity of language, and to understand the history or studied not as a piece of literature, but as a separate language. «Philology» was considered the best. «Other studies, especially innovations such as anthropology, began at the same time that philology helped the emergence of linguistics ... New studies were different from the century: in the century, linguis-tics once again united language. words and so He developed an interest in the study of the sounds that combine to form words, understood universals in other languages, and he reintegrated other languages with other languages, particularly philosophy and psychology.» References: 1. Warschauer, M., & Kern, K. (2000). Network-based Language Teaching: Con- cepts and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.[1] 2. Boswood, T. (1997). New Ways of Using Computers in Language Teaching (New Ways in Tesol Series II), California: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.[2] 3. Harmer, J. (2007). How to teach English, Harlow, Essex: Pearson-Longman. [3] 4.www.ziyonet.uz.[4]5.Jeyms Tyorner, Filologiya: Zamonaviy gumanitar fanlarning unutilgan man- balari, Princeton University Press, 2014[5] 2.Genri Vild, «Angliyadagi ingliz filologiyasi: Oksford universitetidagi imtihon maktablarida nutq so‘zlagan birinchi dars», 21 fevral 1921.[6]
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Mokhinur Abdurakhmonova; Shakhnoza Khodiyeva
Современные тенденции инновационного развития науки и образования в глобальном мире. 1:12-16
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Stages of development of linguistics and linguistic schools: 102 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND LINGUISTIC SCHOOLS D.I. Inomiddinova (NamECI) Аннотация. В работе проекта рассматривается актуальная проблема преподавания английского языка как иностранного студентам нефилологических вузов. Представлен вариант практической реализации основных компонентов методической системы в учебном комплексе упражнений и заданий, позволяющий наметить новые и эффективные методы обучения иностранным языкам. Данная работа будет интересна и полезна учителям иностранных языков и другим категориям специалистов, профессионально занимающихся исследованием и применением новых методов в обучении языкам. Аннотация. Илмий мақола филологиядан ташқари университетлар талабалари учун инглиз тилини чет тили сифатида ўқитишнинг долзарб муаммосига бағишланган. Чет тилларини ўқитишда янги ва самарали усулларни белгилаш имконини берувчи машғулотлар ва топшириқлар мажмуасида услубий тизимнинг асосий таркибий қисмларини амалий тадбиқ қилиш варианти келтирилган. Ушбу мақола чет тили ўқитувчилари ва бошқа тоифадаги мутахассислар учун тадқиқот ва тилларни ўқитишда янги усулларни қўллаш билан шуғулланадиган мутахассислар учун қизиқарли ва фойдали бўлади. In its development, linguistics went through two stages: a) pre-scientific (approximately from the 4th century BC to the 18th century), when linguistics was not yet recognized as an independent science and existed within the framework of philology; b) the scientific stage that began in the 19th century, when linguistics became an independent science, with its own subject, different from the subjects of other sciences. 1) Formation and development of philology. Philological knowledge as a separate type of activity and professional occupation developed in the Hellenistic era, by the end of the 4th century. BC e. By this time, the highest point of the rise of Greek culture (5th century BC, the so-called "Greek miracle", the "golden age" of ancient Greek literature, philosophy, art) was already behind, and new generations were forced to live mainly by the great cultural heritage of the past. One of the most influential centers that concentrated the collection and study of monuments of ancient Greek writing was Alexandria in Egypt. One of the largest libraries of the ancient world was formed here, numbering up to half a million books and manuscripts. In the purely practical environment of working on the manuscripts of the Alexandrian library over several generations, a rich, brilliant philological tradition was created among the Alexandrian librarians. Many of its representatives managed to become widely famous even during their lifetime for their enormous scholarship, the art of handling manuscripts, and the authority of the commentary. These are the names of figures III – II centuries. BC e. Callimachus, Zenodotus, Eratosthenes the Philologist (this is how he called himself, wanting to emphasize his glory as an extraordinary scholar), Aristophanes the Byzantine, Aristarchus of Samothrace, whose activity (222 – 150 BC) is the time of the highest flowering of the Alexandrian philology, etc. The literal Latin translation is litterae, which means letters, and hence the written word, writing, literature. One of the definitions of grammar that has come down to us and, apparently, widely known in its time, belongs to Dionysius the Thracian (c. 170 – 90 BC); 103 he understands by "grammatical art" "awareness in most of what is said in poets and prose writers." The very content of grammatical art, according to the same definition, consisted of four parts or “skills”: a) reading – the ability to read a work in accordance with the rules of prosody, expressiveness; b) correction – the ability to correct errors in the text of the work; c) interpretation – the ability to explain everything in it that requires commentary; d) judicium, judgment – the ability to give it a proper aesthetic assessment, of course, according to the canons of that time. To fulfill these duties, the grammarian had the appropriate tools -: a) knowledge of the language, b) metrics and c) realities (ie, the things themselves, corresponding to the words used in the manuscript). As you can see, this is still a very broad understanding of grammar, but gradually a narrower one is taking shape within its framework, interpreting grammar as “the art of reading and writing correctly”. In the first Alexandrian "grammars" three sections are already clearly distinguished: a) the doctrine of "letters", or sounds (since "sound" and "letter" were not yet clearly distinguished, these were the rules for "reading" manuscripts); b) the doctrine of words, or "parts of speech"; c) the doctrine of the "composition of words." These three parts correspond to phonetics, morphology and syntax in modern grammars. These ideas from Alexandria and other Hellenistic centers were transferred to Rome (the original planter of philology in Rome was Crates of Mallos); it subtly continued to live during the Middle Ages in the centers of monastic culture, took on a new life after the Renaissance, and was finally transmitted to the new time in the form of a powerful tradition of classical philology, that is, a philology turned to the monuments of Greece and Rome. 2) In the Renaissance, the process of decomposition of philology begins. This was due to a number of circumstances. Firstly, with the development of trade and navigation, with the great geographical discoveries, many new languages \u200b\u200bthat differ significantly from the classical languages \u200b\u200b(Greek and Latin) come to the attention of Europeans; the need to study these new languages required other techniques and skills, different from those that were formed within the framework of classical philology; this contributed to the gradual isolation of grammar from other branches of philological knowledge. Secondly, with the end of the era of feudal fragmentation and isolation, with the creation of centralized states, Europeans are forming a national identity, growing interest in their own national languages and cultures. As a result, “national philologies” arise, which differ in some way from classical (Greco-Roman) philology both in terms of tasks and, in part, in terms of methods. Many European languages (for example, Germanic, Slavic) differed significantly from Latin, and therefore required different approaches to their study. Thirdly, the stock of all kinds of materials and information, accumulated with the progress of philology, became so large that it inevitably caused the differentiation of labor. More and more difficult was to become the task of explaining the monument in all respects at once, and, moreover, a monument of any character. On this basis, the division of the former type of education, that is, education of a general encyclopedic character, into separate special areas arose. So, some philologists dealt mainly with poetic texts, others with prose texts, some with handwritten texts, others with inscriptions printed on a hard surface; Some philologists specialized in processing monuments from the side of language or metrics, others – from the side of realities, etc. And since philology has always dealt with monuments of the past, i.e. with material of a historical nature, then next to philology, the science of history arose, turned not so much to monuments, but directly to reality itself: for the historian, a monument becomes not an end, but a means, a source of knowledge of the past. All taken together was the cause of a deep crisis in the ancient philological tradition, which had a particularly strong effect in the first half of the 19th century, but was gradually brewing even earlier. 104 3) Separation of linguistics into an independent science. However, a real revolution in linguistics was caused by the discovery of Sanskrit (an ancient Indian language) at the end of the 18th century. The English researcher William Jones (1746-1794), having studied ancient Indian manuscripts, came to the conclusion that Sanskrit is related to Greek, Latin, and other European languages. He made the assumption that all these languages go back to one common non-preserved ancestor language, which was later called the Proto-Indo-European language. The works of Rasmus Rask (Denmark), Franz Bopp, Jacob Gimm (Germany), A. Kh. Vostokov (Russia) and others laid the foundation for the first scientific method of linguistics – the comparative historical method. It turned out that the Greek and Latin languages are, in essence, only two separate islands in the vast archipelago of the Indo-European linguistic world, moreover, significantly inferior to Sanskrit in their significance for the purposes of the reconstruction of the Indo-European language, which became the main goal of the new science. Representatives of classical philology, a new direction in the study of language, the so- called comparative (or comparative-historical) linguistics, was met for the most part either with hostility or with bewilderment. In turn, comparative-historical linguistics was also characterized by the desire to start off sharply from the ancient philological tradition of studying the language, to break completely with it, which was quite natural, since this tradition prevented the new science from gaining an independent position. Indicative in this regard are the arguments about the relationship between linguistics and philology, the largest representative of comparative historical linguistics of the 19th century. August Schleicher. The object of philology, according to Schleicher, is the spiritual life of peoples, as it is presented in the texts, and the object of linguistics is only language. For linguistics, it does not matter how significant in spirit the people speaking a given language are, whether the people have history, literature, or whether they never had a written language. Literature is important for linguistics only as a convenient auxiliary material for understanding languages, and above all because it is possible to extract from it information about past linguistic epochs, about former linguistic forms. In linguistics, language is an end in itself; in philology, language serves as a means. Linguist – naturalist. He is to languages what, for example, a botanist is to plants. The botanist must consider all plant organisms, he must study the laws of their structure, the laws of development. As for the use of vegetation, whether these plants are of value from a practical and aesthetic point of view, or are deprived of it, is a matter of indifference to the botanist. The most beautiful rose attracts the attention of a botanist as much as some nondescript weed. A philologist is like a gardener. He breeds only certain plants that are of importance to humans. For him, the practical value of the plant, the beauty of its form, color, aroma, etc., is most important. A plant that is good for nothing will not attract the attention of the gardener, and such plants as weeds even cause his dislike, regardless whether they are important representatives of plant forms or not. But the new science did not appear in place of the old one, since traditional philological studies on the language and style of individual authors, genres of writing, etc. with its development did not stop, and the practical need for such studies did not cease to exist. However, over time, the “classics” were forced to take part in the new scientific movement with their own, already linguistically proper, works on Greek and Latin. Linguistics here owed much to Georg Curtius (1820-1885), who recognized comparative linguistics as one of the first representatives of classical philology and provided fundamental samples of proper linguistic work on the Greek language (cf. his speech “Philologie und Sprachwissenschaft”, 1861). Thus, the successes of comparative linguistics were applied with great benefit to philological work on texts. 4) Saussurianism and structuralism. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. in linguistics, a number of scientific schools appear, a common feature of which is militant anti-philologism. Particularly characteristic in this respect are the linguistic views of 105 Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), the founder of the Geneva School. In his "Course of General Linguistics" he formulates the task of linguistics: "The only and true subject of linguistics is language considered in and for itself." Saussure belittles the importance of comparative historical linguistics, since, in his opinion, it does not study language as a system, but only disparate changes. Further, he argues that for a linguist there is no need to study the history of the people who speak the language, its literature, culture: “Generally speaking, there is no need to know the conditions in which this or that language developed. With regard to some dialects, such as the Avestan language (Zend) and Old Slavonic, it is not even known exactly which peoples spoke them, but this ignorance does not in the least prevent us from studying them from the inside. "Linguist" is again opposed to "philologist". Saussure became the forerunner and spiritual father of a powerful trend in linguistics of the twentieth century. – structuralism, which proclaimed the study of language as an immanent (self-sufficient, independent) system of signs as the main goal of linguistics. Ultimately, this approach to language led to the dehumanization of linguistics. 5) Prerequisites for a new synthesis of linguistics and philology. From the middle and second half of the twentieth century. both linguists and literary critics have been actively talking about the need for a new integration of sciences. It became clear that language cannot be studied in isolation from other cultural and social phenomena: such a study will inevitably be incomplete and distort our ideas about language. Language can and should be studied not only in general, strictly grammatically, but also in the specific conditions of its historical existence and development. And as soon as this question is raised about the specific historical conditions of the life of a language, the question of the connection between the language and the areas of culture closest to it inevitably arises. Language then appears to the gaze of the researcher not only as an immanent system of signs serving the needs of thinking and social communication, but as one or another set of speech acts, texts of different genres and styles, that is, practical applications of this system that arise in a certain human environment, in a certain time, for the sake of specific practical interests – everyday, literary, artistic, etc. There is a need to study the language in the specific cultural and historical conditions of its growth and development. REFERENCES: 1. Brown H. 2000. Principles of language learning and teaching (4th ed.). New York: Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc 2. Penny Ur. 1999. A course of language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3. Thornbury Scott. 2006. How to Teach Grammar. England: Pearson Education Limited. 4. Vagramova, Ya. V. Linguistic personality from the standpoint of the theory of bilingualism / N. V. Vagramova // Formation of a bilingual personality based on a competency-based approach / ed. G. A. Baeva. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg. un-ta, 2012. – S. 5-20. 5. V. M. Filatov [and others]; under. ed. V. M. Filatova. – Rostov n / a : Phoenix, 2004. Methods of teaching foreign languages in elementary and basic general education schools: 6. https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Linguistic-Stereotypes-F3HHCFYVC 7. http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Huang-RolePlay.html 8. http: // iteslj.org/Technique/Kodotchigova-RolePlay.html
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Unveiling a modern classic
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Shan X; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Yang X; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Li D; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Zhou L; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Qin S; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Hefei Food and Drug Inspection Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Li J; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Tao W; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Peng C; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Wei J; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Chu X; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Wang H; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Hefei Food and Drug Inspection Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Zhang C; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.; Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.
Publisher: Frontiers Media] Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101548923 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1663-9812 (Print) Linking ISSN: 16639812 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Pharmacol Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE
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