부산대학교 도서관

Sangeeta, Mehta; Nanki, Ahluwalia; Kiyan, Heybati; Karen E A, Burns; Sawayra, Owais; Deborah J, Cook

Critical Care Medicine. 50:535-542

Wood, M.D.; Khan, J.; Scott, S.H.; Lee, K.F.H.; Maslove, D.M.; Hunt, M.; Muscedere, J.; Gordon Boyd, J.; Day, A.; Jacobson, J.A.; Ball, I.; Slessarev, M.; O'Regan, N.; English, S.W.; McCredie, V.; Chasse, M.; Griesdale, D.

In: BMJ Open. (BMJ Open, 1 June 2019, 9(6))

Mehta, Sangeeta; Ahluwalia, Nanki; Heybati, Kiyan BHSc; Burns, Karen E. A.; Owais, Sawayra c,; Cook, Deborah J.; Heybati, Kiyan; Owais, Sawayra

Critical Care Medicine (CRIT CARE MED), Apr2022; 50(4): 535-542. (8p)

Karen J. Bosma; Claudio M. Martin; Karen E. A. Burns; Jordi Mancebo Cortes; Juan Carlos Suárez Montero; Yoanna Skrobik; Kevin E. Thorpe; Andre Carlos Kajdacsy-Balla Amaral; Yaseen Arabi; John Basmaji; Gaëtan Beduneau; Francois Beloncle; Guillaume Carteaux; Emmanuel Charbonney; Alexandre Demoule; Martin Dres; Vito Fanelli; Anna Geagea; Ewan Goligher; François Lellouche; Tommaso Maraffi; Alain Mercat; Pablo O. Rodriguez; Jason Shahin; Stephanie Sibley; Savino Spadaro; Katerina Vaporidi; M. Elizabeth Wilcox; Laurent Brochard; On behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group and; the REVA Network

Trials
Trials, Vol 24, Iss 1, Pp 1-18 (2023)

Nick Daneman; Asgar H. Rishu; Ruxandra Pinto; Yaseen Arabi; Emilie P. Belley-Cote; Robert Cirone; Mark Downing; Deborah J. Cook; Richard Hall; Shay McGuinness; Lauralyn McIntyre; John Muscedere; Rachael Parke; Steven Reynolds; Benjamin A. Rogers; Yahya Shehabi; Phillip Shin; Richard Whitlock; Robert A. Fowler; on behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group

Trials, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2020)

Adhikari NKJ; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Hashmi M; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan.; Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan BK; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India.; George Institute for Global Health India, New Delhi.; Haniffa R; Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.; Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand.; Beane A; Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.; Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand.; Webb SA; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.; St John of God Health Care, Perth, Australia.; Angus DC; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Gordon AC; Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, London, England.; St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England.; Cook DJ; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Critical Care, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.; Guyatt GH; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.; Berry LR; Berry Consultants LLC, Austin, Texas.; Lorenzi E; Berry Consultants LLC, Austin, Texas.; Mouncey PR; Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, England.; Au C; Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, England.; Pinto R; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Ménard J; Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.; Sprague S; Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.; Masse MH; Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.; Huang DT; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Heyland DK; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.; Nichol AD; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.; University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.; Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia.; McArthur CJ; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.; de Man A; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.; Al-Beidh F; Imperial College London, London, England.; Annane D; UVSQ University Paris Saclay, Institut-Hospitalo Universitaire Prometheus, Paris, France.; Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Garches, France.; Anstey M; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia.; University of Western Australia, Perth.; Arabi YM; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Battista MC; Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.; Berry S; Berry Consultants LLC, Austin, Texas.; Bhimani Z; St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Bonten MJM; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.; European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases, Utrecht, the Netherlands.; Bradbury CA; University of Bristol, Bristol, England.; Brant EB; Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Brunkhorst FM; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.; Burrell A; Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia.; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.; Buxton M; Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur, California.; Cecconi M; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.; Cheng AC; Monash Infectious Disease, Monash Health and School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.; Cohen D; Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.; Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, Quebec, Canada.; Cove ME; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Day AG; Kingston Health Sciences Centre and Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.; Derde LPG; European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases, Utrecht, the Netherlands.; Intensive Care Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.; Detry MA; Berry Consultants LLC, Austin, Texas.; Estcourt LJ; Department of Haematology, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, England.; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.; Fagbodun EO; Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, London, England.; Fitzgerald M; Berry Consultants LLC, Austin, Texas.; Goossens H; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.; Green C; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.; Higgins AM; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.; Hills TE; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington.; Horvat C; Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ichihara N; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo, Japan.; Jayakumar D; Dr Kamakshi Memorial Hospital Apollo, Chennai, India.; Kanji S; Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.; Khoso MN; South City Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.; Lawler PR; University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.; Lewis RJ; Berry Consultants LLC, Austin, Texas.; Litton E; Fiona Stanley Hospital, Department of Intensive Care Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth.; Marshall JC; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; McAuley DF; Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.; Centre for Infection and Immunity, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland.; McGlothlin A; Berry Consultants LLC, Austin, Texas.; McGuinness SP; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington.; Auckland City Hospital, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland, New Zealand.; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.; McQuilten ZK; Monash University, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia.; McVerry BJ; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Murthy S; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.; Parke RL; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington.; Auckland City Hospital, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland, New Zealand.; School of Nursing, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.; Parker JC; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.; Reyes LF; Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia.; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Clinica Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia.; Rowan KM; Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, England.; Saito H; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, St Marianna University Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.; Salahuddin N; National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan.; Santos MS; Department of Critical Care, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Saunders CT; Berry Consultants LLC, Austin, Texas.; Seymour CW; Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shankar-Hari M; Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.; Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, Scotland.; Tolppa T; National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka.; Trapani T; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.; Turgeon AF; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.; Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, Departments of Traumatology, Emergency Medicine, and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval Research Center, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.; Turner AM; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington.; Udy AA; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.; Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.; van de Veerdonk FL; Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.; Zarychanski R; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.; Lamontagne F; Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.

Publisher: American Medical Association Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7501160 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1538-3598 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00987484 NLM ISO Abbreviation: JAMA Subsets: MEDLINE

James Dayre McNally; Katie O’Hearn; Dean A. Fergusson; Jane Lougheed; Dermot R. Doherty; Gyaandeo Maharajh; Hope Weiler; Glenville Jones; Ali Khamessan; Stephanie Redpath; Pavel Geier; Lauralyn McIntyre; Margaret L. Lawson; Tara Girolamo; Kusum Menon; on behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group

Pilot and Feasibility Studies, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2020)

English SW; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa.; Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa.; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa.; Delaney A; George Institute for Global Health, Sydney.; Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia.; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia.; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; Fergusson DA; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa.; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa.; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa.; Chassé M; Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal.; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal.; Turgeon AF; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.; Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada.; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.; Lauzier F; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.; Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada.; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.; Tuttle A; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa.; Sadan O; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Division of Neurocritical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University Hospital and Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta.; Griesdale DE; Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.; Redekop G; Division of Neurosurgery, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.; Chapman M; Neurocritical Care and Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto.; Hannouche M; McGill University, Montreal.; Kramer A; Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.; Seppelt I; Nepean Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney.; Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney.; Critical Care and Trauma Division, the George Institute for Global Health, Sydney.; Udy A; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, the Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; Kutsogiannis DJ; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.; Zarychanski R; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.; Department of Medical Oncology/Haematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.; D'Aragon F; Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.; Boyd JG; Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.; Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.; Salt G; Intensive Care Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.; Bellapart J; Department of Intensive Care, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia.; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.; Wood G; Department of Adult Intensive Care, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC, Canada.; Cava L; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.; Pickett G; Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.; QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada.; Koffman L; Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia.; Rush University Medical Center, Chicago.; Watpool I; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa.; Bass F; George Institute for Global Health, Sydney.; Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney.; Hammond N; George Institute for Global Health, Sydney.; Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia.; Ramsay T; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa.; Mallick R; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa.; Scales DC; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto.; Andersen CR; George Institute for Global Health, Sydney.; Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia.; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia.; Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.; Fitzgerald E; Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia.; Talbot P; George Institute for Global Health, Sydney.; Dowlatshahi D; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa.; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa.; Sinclair J; Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa.; Acker J; Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada.; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.; Marshall SC; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa.; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa.; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bruyere Continuing Care, Ottawa.; McIntyre L; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa.; Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa.; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa.

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Sandra Pong; Robert A. Fowler; Srinivas Murthy; Jeffrey M. Pernica; Elaine Gilfoyle; Patricia Fontela; Asgar H. Rishu; Nicholas Mitsakakis; James S. Hutchison; Michelle Science; Winnie Seto; Philippe Jouvet; Nick Daneman; on behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group

BMC Pediatrics, Vol 22, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2022)

Dayre McNally; Karin Amrein; Katharine O’Hearn; Dean Fergusson; Pavel Geier; Matt Henderson; Ali Khamessan; Margaret L. Lawson; Lauralyn McIntyre; Stephanie Redpath; Hope A. Weiler; Kusum Menon; on behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group

Pilot and Feasibility Studies, Vol 3, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2017)

Nick Daneman; Asgar H. Rishu; Ruxandra Pinto; Pierre Aslanian; Sean M. Bagshaw; Alex Carignan; Emmanuel Charbonney; Bryan Coburn; Deborah J. Cook; Michael E. Detsky; Peter Dodek; Richard Hall; Anand Kumar; Francois Lamontagne; Francois Lauzier; John C. Marshall; Claudio M. Martin; Lauralyn McIntyre; John Muscedere; Steven Reynolds; Wendy Sligl; Henry T. Stelfox; M. Elizabeth Wilcox; Robert A. Fowler; on behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group

Trials, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2018)

Marie-Hélène Masse; Julie Ménard; Sheila Sprague; Marie-Claude Battista; Deborah J. Cook; Gordon H. Guyatt; Daren K. Heyland; Salmaan Kanji; Ruxandra Pinto; Andrew G. Day; Dian Cohen; Djillali Annane; Shay McGuinness; Rachael Parke; Anitra Carr; Yaseen Arabi; Bharath Kumar Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan; Frédérick D’Aragon; Élaine Carbonneau; David Maslove; Miranda Hunt; Bram Rochwerg; Tina Millen; Michaël Chassé; Martine Lebrasseur; Patrick Archambault; Estel Deblois; Christine Drouin; François Lellouche; Patricia Lizotte; Irene Watpool; Rebecca Porteous; France Clarke; Nicole Marinoff; Émilie Belley-Côté; Brigitte Bolduc; Scott Walker; John Iazzetta; Neill K. J. Adhikari; François Lamontagne; on behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group

Trials, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2020)

Waleed Alhazzani; Gordon Guyatt; John C. Marshall; Richard Hall; John Muscedere; Francois Lauzier; Lehana Thabane; Mohammed Alshahrani; Shane W. English; Yaseen M. Arabi; Adam M. Deane; Tim Karachi; Bram Rochwerg; Simon Finfer; Nick Daneman; Nicole Zytaruk; Diane Heel-Ansdell; Deborah Cook; on behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group

Ann Saudi Med
Annals of Saudi Medicine, Vol 36, Iss 6, Pp 427-433 (2016)

Shane W. English; Michaël Chassé; Alexis F. Turgeon; François Lauzier; Donald Griesdale; Allan Garland; Dean Fergusson; Ryan Zarychanski; Carl van Walraven; Kaitlyn Montroy; Jennifer Ziegler; Raphael Dupont-Chouinard; Raphaëlle Carignan; Andy Dhaliwal; Ranjeeta Mallick; John Sinclair; Amélie Boutin; Giuseppe Pagliarello; Alan Tinmouth; Lauralyn McIntyre; on behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group

Critical Care, Vol 22, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2018)

Turgeon AF; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Fergusson DA; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Clayton L; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Patton MP; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Neveu X; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Walsh TS; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Docherty A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Malbouisson LM; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Pili-Floury S; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; English SW; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Zarychanski R; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Moore L; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Bonaventure PL; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Laroche V; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Verret M; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Scales DC; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Adhikari NKJ; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Greenbaum J; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Kramer A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Rey VG; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Ball I; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Khwaja K; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Wise M; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Harvey D; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Lamontagne F; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Chabanne R; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Algird A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Krueper S; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Pottecher J; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Zeiler F; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Rhodes J; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Rigamonti A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Burns KEA; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Marshall J; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Griesdale DE; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Sisconetto LS; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Kutsogiannis DJ; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Roger C; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Green R; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Boyd JG; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Wright J; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Charbonney E; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Nair P; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Astles T; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Sy E; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Hébert PC; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Chassé M; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Gomez A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Ramsay T; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Taljaard M; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Fox-Robichaud A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Tinmouth A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; St-Onge M; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Costerousse O; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Lauzier F; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Manoj M Lalu; Katrina J Sullivan; Shirley HJ Mei; David Moher; Alexander Straus; Dean A Fergusson; Duncan J Stewart; Mazen Jazi; Malcolm MacLeod; Brent Winston; John Marshall; Brian Hutton; Keith R Walley; Lauralyn McIntyre; on behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Translational Biology Group

eLife, Vol 5 (2016)

Victoria T Hunniford; Agnes Grudniewicz; Dean A Fergusson; Joshua Montroy; Emma Grigor; Casey Lansdell; Manoj M Lalu; On behalf of The Canadian Critical Care Translational Biology Group

eLife, Vol 12 (2023)

Mohammad M. Banoei; Lauralyn A. McIntyre; Duncan J. Stewart; Shirley H. J. Mei; David Courtman; Irene Watpool; John Granton; John Marshall; Claudia dos Santos; Keith R. Walley; Kenny Schlosser; Dean A. Fergusson; Brent W. Winston; on behalf of Canadian Critical Care Trials Group (CCCTG); on behalf of Canadian Critical Care Translational Biology Group (CCCTBG)

Metabolites, Vol 13, Iss 11, p 1142 (2023)

Arnold DM; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Blood Services, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.; Lauzier F; Rabbat C; Zytaruk N; Barlow Cash B; Clarke F; Heels-Ansdell D; Guyatt G; Walter SD; Davies A; Cook DJ

Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0326377 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-2472 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00493848 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Thromb Res Subsets: MEDLINE

Green, Robert S.; Erdogan, Mete; Lacroix, Jacques; Hébert, Paul C.; Tinmouth, Alan T.; Sabri, Elham; Zhang, Tinghua; Fergusson, Dean A.; Turgeon, Alexis F.; on behalf of the ABLE Investigators and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group

Transfusion (TRANSFUSION), Aug2018; 58(8): 1846-1854. (9p)