부산대학교 도서관

Mujugira, Andrew; Kasiita, Vicent; Bagaya, Monica; Nsubuga, Rogers; Nakyanzi, Agnes; Nampewo, Olivia; Nalumansi, Alisaati; Kamusiime, Brenda; Bambia, Felix; Muwonge, Timothy R.; Gandhi, Monica; Ware, Norma C.; Haberer, Jessica E.

AIDS and Behavior. :1-13

Andrew Mujugira; Agnes Nakyanzi; Monica Bagaya; Jackson Mugisha; Brenda Kamusiime; Alisaati Nalumansi; Vicent Kasiita; Timothy Ssebuliba; Olivia Nampewo; Rogers Nsubuga; Timothy R. Muwonge; Musa Bukenya; Monica Gandhi; Monique A. Wyatt; Norma C. Ware; Jessica E. Haberer

AIDS and Behavior. 29:133-142

Giaquinto, Carlo; Nardone, Alessandra; Morkunaite, Gabija; Turkova, Anna; Ford, Debbie; Chan, Man; Toledo, Gabriela; James, Elizabeth; Thomason, Mags; Parkar, Nazia; White, Iona; Parker, Anna; Omar, Anas; Alkurwi, Zainab; Spyer, Moira; Doerholt, Katja; Townsend, Stephen; Sweeney, Hannah; Hook, Margaret; Daramola-Rose, Alvin; Barker, Lee; Gao, Lu; Quartagno, Matteo; Gibb, Diana; Cressey, Tim R.; Chalermpantmetagul, Suwalai; Peongjakta, Rukchanok; Pongkawong, Ketwarin; Sripaoraya, Worathip; Khamjakkaew, Warunee; Kruenual, Namthip; Sukrakanchana, Pra-ornsuda; Kaewbundit, Ampika; Kekitiinwa, Adeodata R.; Amuge, Pauline; Namugwanya, Christine; Kiyimba, Lameck; Okello, Resty Babirye; Namuli, Florence; Nabimba, Ronald; Baita, Angella; Bbuye, Dickson; Tukamuhebwa, Susan; Kikabi, Rachael Namuddu; Kadhuba, Rose Jacqueline; Balwa, Henry; Nabukalu, Sarah; Kisekka, Muzamil Nsibuka; Kirabira, Anthony; Lawrence, Lekku; Tikabibamu, Judith; Aino, Maria Benita; Muzorah, Gerald Agaba; Mujyanama, Collins; Nalugo, Annet; Namubiru, Priscilla; Kityo, Cissy; Musiime, Victor; Kaudha, Elizabeth; Nanduudu, Annet; Mugerwa, Henry; Otike, Caroline; Mujyambere, Emmanuel; Nakiboneka, Dridah; Mukanza, Barbara; Tumusiime, Julius; Gilbert, Onen; Mbabazi, Ritah; Atwine, Abigail; Kyobutungi, Priscilla; Ategeka, Juliet; Musiime, Alex; Musumba, Sharif; Nazzinda, Rashidah; Wangwe, Nicholas; Mwesigwa, Phyllis; Rutebarika, Diana; Elsauko, Jameena; Nansaigi, Mangadalen; Tukamushaba, Mercy; Mulindwa, Alice; Nakalyango, Aidah; Paul, Ocitti; Nambi, Christine; Ndigendawani, Milly; Naabalamba, Mariam; David, Eram; Denis, Odochi; David, Baliruno; Lutalo, Ezra; Rubanga, Eddie; Namusanje, Josephine; Kobusingye, Josephine; Mulima, Disan; Nannungi, Maria; Balmoi, Faith; Draleku, Charles; Mbasani, Faith; Katemba, Crispus; Ankunda, Juliet; Tusiime, Julian; Juma, Benson Ouma; Musoke, Philippa; Ahimbisibwe, Grace Miriam; Kataike, Hajira; Nansamba, Winnie; Balamusani, David; Namwanje, Rosemary; Mulwanyi, Enoch; Businge, Gerald Bright; Owor, Maxensia; Nabukeera, Aziida; Nakku, Ruth; Nassoma, Zainab Nakivumbi; Serunjogi, Immaculate Nayiga; Nakirya, Barbara Musoke; Nakabuye, Sarah; Kyomukama, Erinah; Wampamba, Rebecca; Nalusiba, Stella; Mayanja, Emmanuel; Wagaana, Donald; Nakawungu, Zaam Zinda; Ssebabi, Sarah Babirye; Kaboggoza, Olivia Higiro; Nabawubye, Edith; Kabasonga, Mildred; Namusisi, Harriet; Nampewo, Judith; Mugagga, Agnes Mary; Isabirye, Richard; Sserugo, Francis; Kawuma, Annet; Namuddu, Agnes; Baddokwaya, Joanita Nankya; Nanyonjo, Juliet; Kaahwa, Winifred; Musisi, Maria; Namayanja, Paula Mubiru; Twenatwine, Doreen; Byuma, Robert; Luwedde, Winifred; Mugenyi, Margaret; Mutebo, Joseph; Katongole, Francis; Okello, Fabian; Kiwewa, Max; Okwera, Ronald; Balungi, Derick; Tumwizere, Obed; Nakyanzi, Teopista; Kankindi, Ann; Nambusi, Maria Janine; Rukundo, Ivan; Odyek, Henry; Weere, Barnabas; Kafufu, Bosco; Ssebunya, David; Kamugisha, Africano; Hakizimana, Emmanual; Nyende, Charles; Akurut, Evelyn; Tumwesigye, Johnson; Kakayi, Brenda Catherine; Sakwa, Rebecca; Ssenyonga, Mark; Semakula, Joseph; Mwebaza, Joyce; Kainza, Judith; Otim, Miscah Babirye; Archary, Moherndran; Mngqibisa, Rosie; Arumugam, Tiyara; Pillay, Sundrapragasen; Bobat, Raziya; Nkosi, Nombuso; Mosia, Nozibusiso Rejoice; Singh, Sheleika; Chimene, Shingirai; Mkhulise, Jabu; Mncube, Innocentia Thandokuhle; Mnyandu, Zethu; Moodley, Michelle; Shabalala, Popi; Bengu, Simangele; Mundhree, Ida Elizabeth; Variava, Ebrahim; Moloantoa, Tumelo; Sabet, Nadia; Sabet, Ryan; Mosala, Modiehi; Holele, Itumeleng; Mogotsi, Eva; Montwedi, Angelinah; Mokoena, Serame; Kotsokoane, Keabetswe; Rampai, Dineo; Violari, Avy; Maretlwa, Lerato; Tshipunyane, Palesa; Matotong, Iris; Pattamukkil, Abraham Mammwn; Xulu, Nkazimulo; Mhlanga, Sthembiso; Makhari, Ofhani Harmious; Manu, Gifty Okyere; Mpeluza, Zukisa; Ngema, Mbusiseni; Kaka, Abdul; Stokes, Rieta; Bellingan, Nadia; Le Grange, Linique; Stytler, Leoni; Jeeva, Zakkiyya; Liberty, Afaaf; Nyati, Mandisa; Cassim, Haseena; Mathiba, Sisinyana Ruth; Maseko, Lindiwe; Ndebele, Precious; Brown, Jackie; Lebotsa, Emily; Josipovic, Deirdre; Kunene, Mantwa; Madonsela, Tryphinah; Abrahams, Nasreen; Essack, Zaakirah; Mtshali, Zandisile; Dhlomoza, Dipuo; Hlomuka, Thabile Degracia; Khemese, Valerie; Ounchanum, Pradthana; Ruenglerdpong, Suchada; Kongponoi, Areerat; Kaewmamueng, Kanyanee; Srisuk, Warunee; Thaweesombat, Yupawan; Denjanta, Sukanda; Thewsoongnoen, Jutarat; Kunyanone, Naowarat; Srirojana, Sakulrat; Donngern, Doungjai; Phunkhum, Petcharat; Kamkoonmongkol, Arisara; Naksomboon, Thananya; Kalasin, Nonthaporn Na; Srirompotong, Ussanee; Rungsapphaiboon, Athiporn; Daechasatain, Wallapa; Boonsub, Wanchalerm; Sudsaard, Patamawadee; Dechboran, Thunyasiri; Mitchai, Manthana; Samranphit, Thanawat; Wannasri, Orapin; Kongsuk, Kriangkrai; Kanjanavanit, Suparat; Kamolrattana, Rujirek; Chankun, Thannapat; Punyayen, Jiraporn; Saewtrakool, Chayakorn; Yingyong, Pacharaporn; Junkaew, Raungwit; Thomyota, Benjawan; Sawasdichai, Kanokkorn; Ngampiyaskul, Chaiwat; Paiboon, Nantika; I-nala, Benjama; Chamjamrat, Wanna; Greetanukroh, Pisut; Imbumroong, Chanthaporn; Khannak, Sasipass; Chahmeanprabnakorn, Rattana; Welch, Steven; Seager, Ezgi; Beuvink, Yvonne; Rooney, Melanie; Thrasyvoulou, Laura; Price, Katie; Gavin, George; Fagg, Sue; Kaur, Baldip; Williams, Molly; Bamford, Alasdair; Shingadia, Delane; Sugars, Jade; Alimi, Olamide; Chan, Carolyn; Cripps, Kelly; Zahed, Sabina; Koroma, John; Fortuny, Clàudia; Noguera-Julian, Antoni; Marchan, Anna Vazquez; Hidalgo, Cristina López; Ferrando, Sílvia Cuadras; Murciano, Alba; Coto, Miriam; Sánchez, Kenia; Ruiz, Bonaventura; Rojo, Pablo; Epalza, Cristina; Prieto, Luis; Ramos, Jose Tomas; Gallego, Ianire; Martín, Verónica; Manukyan, Lilit; Gijon, Manuel; Burger, David; Colbers, Angela; Jacobs, Tom; Bevers, Lisanne; Carr, Dan; Owen, Andrew; Jensen, Rebecca; Nastouli, Eleni; Byott, Matt; Botha, Ian; Revill, Paul; Walker, Simon; Conway, Magda; Jafta, Lungile; Shibemba, Mercy; Lyall, Hermione; Obimbo, Elizabeth Maleche; Ruel, Theodore; Compagnucci, Alex; Mahaka, Imelda; Bulose, Fanele; Bomela, Gugulethu; Cressey, Tim; Pozniak, Anton; Crawley, Jane; Thiébaut, Rodolphe; McIlleron, Helen; Bevers, Lisanne A.H. ; Kisekka, Muzamil ; Ahimbisibwe, Grace M. ; Deprez, Isabelle ; Arumugan, Tiyara ; Rutebarika, Diana A. ; Kekitiinwa, Adeodata ; Boles, Justine ; Thomason, Margaret J. ; de Wildt, Saskia N. ; Burger, David M. ; Buchanan, Ann M. ; Chan, Man K. ; Jacobs, Tom G.

In eBioMedicine October 2025 120

Andrew Mujugira; Beyonce Karungi; Jackson Mugisha; Agnes Nakyanzi; Olivia Nampewo; Faith Naddunga; Brenda Kamusiime; Rogers Nsubuga; Kikulwe R. Nyanzi; Timothy R. Muwonge; Monique A. Wyatt; Norma C. Ware; Monica Gandhi; Jessica E. Haberer

Journal of the International AIDS Society, Vol 27, Iss 5, Pp n/a-n/a (2024)

Andrew Mujugira; Beyonce Karungi; Jackson Mugisha; Agnes Nakyanzi; Monica Bagaya; Brenda Kamusiime; Alisaati Nalumansi; Grace Kakoola Nalukwago; Vicent Kasiita; Chris Collins Twesigye; Olivia Nampewo; Rogers Nsubuga; Kikulwe Robert Nyanzi; Timothy Muwonge; Monique A. Wyatt; Norma C. Ware; Jessica E. Haberer

Journal of the International AIDS Society, Vol 26, Iss 12, Pp n/a-n/a (2023)

Mujugira, Andrew; Nakyanzi, Agnes; Nabaggala, Maria S.; Muwonge, Timothy R.; Ssebuliba, Timothy; Bagaya, Monica; Nampewo, Olivia; Sapiri, Oliver; Nyanzi, Kikulwe R.; Bambia, Felix; Nsubuga, Rogers; Serwadda, David M.; Ware, Norma C; Baeten, Jared M.; Haberer, Jessica E.

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. Apr 01, 2022 89(4):381-389

Andrew Mujugira; Agnes Nakyanzi; Maria S. Nabaggala; Timothy R. Muwonge; Timothy Ssebuliba; Monica Bagaya; Olivia Nampewo; Oliver Sapiri; Kikulwe R. Nyanzi; Felix Bambia; Rogers Nsubuga; David M. Serwadda; Norma C Ware; Jared M. Baeten; Jessica E. Haberer

J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr

Mujugira, Andrew; Nakyanzi, Agnes; Bagaya, Monica; Mugisha, Jackson; Kamusiime, Brenda; Nalumansi, Alisaati; Kasiita, Vicent; Ssebuliba, Timothy; Nampewo, Olivia; Nsubuga, Rogers; Muwonge, Timothy R.; Bukenya, Musa; Gandhi, Monica; Wyatt, Monique A.; Ware, Norma C.; Haberer, Jessica E.

AIDS & Behavior (AIDS BEHAV), Jan2025; 29(1): 133-142. (10p)

Mujugira, Andrew; Kasiita, Vicent; Bagaya, Monica; Nakyanzi, Agnes; Bambia, Felix; Nampewo, Oliva; Kamusiime, Brenda; Mugisha, Jackson; Nalumansi, Alisaati; Twesigye, Collin C.; Muwonge, Timothy R.; Baeten, Jared M.; Wyatt, Monique A.; Tsai, Alexander C.; Ware, Norma C.; Haberer, Jessica E.

JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS SOCIETY; DEC 2021, 24 12, 9p.

Zia Y; Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Nambala L; Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Sacramento City College, Sacramento, CA, USA.; Stalter RM; Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Muwonge TR; Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Ssebuliba T; Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Nakyanzi A; Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Nampewo O; Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Boyer J; Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Morrison S; Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Nsubuga R; Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Bagaya M; Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Nyanzi R; Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Matovu F; Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.; Yin M; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.; Wyatt C; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.; Mujugira A; Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Heffron R for the Kampala Women’s Bone Study; Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.

Publisher: Informa Healthcare Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8915313 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1360-0451 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09540121 NLM ISO Abbreviation: AIDS Care Subsets: MEDLINE

Agaba, G.B.; Akindès, F.; Bengtsson, L.; Cowls, J.; Ganesh, M.I.; Hoffman, N.; Hoffman, W.; Mann, L.; Mans, U.; Meissner, F.; Meyer, E.; Mutuku, L.; Nampewo, S.; Oduor, A.; Nyst, C.; Pfeffer, K.; Schroeder, R.; Shah, N.; Sundsøy, P.; Tatevossian, A.; Taylor, L.; Zommer, L.

Velloza J; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. jvelloza@uw.edu.; International Clinical Research Center, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359927, 98104, Seattle, WA, USA. jvelloza@uw.edu.; Mujugira A; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Muwonge T; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Boyer J; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Nampewo O; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Badaru J; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Ssebuliba T; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Stalter RM; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Stein G; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Baeten JM; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA.; Celum C; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Heffron R; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Publisher: Springer Science + Business Media Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9712133 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-3254 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10907165 NLM ISO Abbreviation: AIDS Behav Subsets: MEDLINE

Zewdie K; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Muwonge T; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Ssebuliba T; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Bambia F; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Nampewo O; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Stein G; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Mugwanya KK; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.; Thomas KK; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.; Wyatt C; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.; Yin MT; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY.; Wang G; Department of Toxicology, Abbott, Santa Rosa.; Gandhi M; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.; Mujugira A; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.; Heffron R; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.

Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8710219 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1473-5571 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02699370 NLM ISO Abbreviation: AIDS Subsets: MEDLINE

Mayanja, B.N.; Kasamba, I.; Levin, J.; Namakoola, I.; Kazooba, P.; Were, J.; Kaleebu, P.; Munderi, P.; Nalwadda, J.; Nakibuuka, G.; Namugenyi, H.; Lubega, R.; Mugisha, A.; Tereka, A.; Kalyebara, A.; Namara, A.; Nakitto, D.; Wangi, D.; Nume, F.; Ssemwanga, G.; Nabulime, G.; Nassuna, G.; Lubega, G.; Lutaakome, J.; Generous, L.; Matama, L.; Massa, R.; Tino, S.; Nakahima, W.; Kapaata, A.A.; Magambo, B.; Parry, C.; Lyagoba, F.; Nazziwa, J.; Nannyonjo, M.; Muhigirwa, E.; Wamalugu, F.; Kabajuma, F.; Nakazibwe, H.G.; Bwandinga, J.; Bukenya, J.; Kamushaaga, M.Z.; Hughes, P.; Nkurunziza, P.; Balungi, P.A.; Mukasa, S.; Nassimbwa, S.; Vudriko, T.; Senyonga, W.; Ochola, W.; Nakimbugwe, A.; Nampewo, C.; Nambuba, D.; Naphtali, E.; Barigye, G.; Nakamanya, I.; Kahwa, J.; Matovu, J.N.; Namayirira, L.; Lubega, R.N.; Nabalayo, S.; Kaddu, S.

In: AIDS Research and Therapy. (AIDS Research and Therapy, 4 May 2017, 14(1))

Heffron, R.; Boyer, J.; Zia, Y.; Morrison, S.; Stein, G.; Mugwanya, K.K.; Baeten, J.M.; Mujugira, A.; Muwonge, T.R.; Bagaya, M.; Ssebuliba, T.; Bambia, F.; Nsubuga, R.; Badaru, J.; Matovu, F.; Wyatt, C.; Yin, M.T.; Thomas, K.; Rechkina, E.A.; Hoofnagle, A.; Sapiri, O.; Nakyanzi, A.; Nambala, L.V.; Nambi, F.; Nampewo, O.; Nyanzi, R.; Ryder, M.N.; Nakayiza, M.; Kiweewa, F.M.; Kateregga, A.; Bule, S.; Yin, M.; Marzinke, M.; Anderson, P.

In: Archives of Osteoporosis. (Archives of Osteoporosis, December 2022, 17(1))

Baeten JM; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Palanee-Phillips T; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Brown ER; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Schwartz K; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Soto-Torres LE; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Govender V; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Mgodi NM; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Matovu Kiweewa F; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Nair G; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Mhlanga F; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Siva S; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Bekker LG; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Jeenarain N; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Gaffoor Z; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Martinson F; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Makanani B; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Pather A; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Naidoo L; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Husnik M; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Richardson BA; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Parikh UM; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Mellors JW; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Marzinke MA; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Hendrix CW; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; van der Straten A; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Ramjee G; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Chirenje ZM; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Nakabiito C; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Taha TE; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Jones J; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Mayo A; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Scheckter R; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Berthiaume J; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Livant E; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Jacobson C; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Ndase P; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; White R; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Patterson K; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Germuga D; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Galaska B; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Bunge K; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Singh D; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Szydlo DW; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Montgomery ET; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Mensch BS; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Torjesen K; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Grossman CI; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Chakhtoura N; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Nel A; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Rosenberg Z; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; McGowan I; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).; Hillier S; From the Departments of Global Health (J.M.B., B.A.R., P.N.), Medicine (J.M.B.), Epidemiology (J.M.B., M.H.), and Biostatistics (E.R.B., B.A.R.), University of Washington, and the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.R.B., M.H., B.A.R., J.B., K.P., D.W.S.) - both in Seattle; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (T.P.-P.), HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (V.G., S.S., N.J., Z.G., A.P., L.N., G.R.), and Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (G.N.), Durban, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town (L.-G.B.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.S., A.M., R.S., R.W., K.T.); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (L.E.S.-T., D.G.), National Institute of Mental Health (C.I.G.), and Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Departments of Medicine (M.A.M., C.W.H.) and Epidemiology (T.E.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring (A.N., Z.R.) - all in Maryland; University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco Collaborative Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., F. Mhlanga, Z.M.C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (F.M.K., C.N.); University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe (F. Martinson), and Malawi College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre (B.M., T.E.T.) - both in Malawi; the Departments of Medicine (U.M.P., J.W.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (K.B., S.H.), University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Women's Research Institute (J.J., E.L., C.J., B.G., D.S.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International (A.S., E.T.M.), and the Department of Medicine, University of California (A.S.) - both in San Francisco; and the Population Council, New York (B.S.M.).

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Widmer M; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Piaggio G; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Nguyen TMH; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Osoti A; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Owa OO; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Misra S; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Coomarasamy A; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Abdel-Aleem H; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Mallapur AA; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Qureshi Z; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Lumbiganon P; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Patel AB; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Carroli G; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Fawole B; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Goudar SS; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Pujar YV; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Neilson J; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Hofmeyr GJ; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Su LL; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Ferreira de Carvalho J; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Pandey U; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Mugerwa K; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Shiragur SS; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Byamugisha J; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Giordano D; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).; Gülmezoglu AM; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Salome T; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.; Kasamba I; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda ; MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK.; Mayanja BN; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.; Kazooba P; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.; Were J; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.; Kaleebu P; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda ; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK.; Munderi P; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.

Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101237921 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1742-6405 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 17426405 NLM ISO Abbreviation: AIDS Res Ther Subsets: MEDLINE