부산대학교 도서관

Shelagh B Coutts; Sandeep Ankolekar; Ramana Appireddy; Juan F Arenillas; Zarina Assis; Peter Bailey; Philip A Barber; Rodrigo Bazan; Brian H Buck; Ken S Butcher; Marie-Christine Camden; Bruce C V Campbell; Leanne K Casaubon; Luciana Catanese; Kausik Chatterjee; Philip M C Choi; Brian Clarke; Dar Dowlatshahi; Julia Ferrari; Thalia S Field; Aravind Ganesh; Darshan Ghia; Mayank Goyal; Stefan Greisenegger; Omid Halse; Mackenzie Horn; Gary Hunter; Oje Imoukhuede; Peter J Kelly; James Kennedy; Carol Kenney; Timothy J Kleinig; Kailash Krishnan; Fabricio Lima; Jennifer L Mandzia; Martha Marko; Sheila O Martins; George Medvedev; Bijoy K Menon; Sachin M Mishra; Carlos Molina; Aimen Moussaddy; Keith W Muir; Mark W Parsons; Andrew M W Penn; Arthur Pille; Octávio M Pontes-Neto; Christine Roffe; Joaquin Serena; Robert Simister; Nishita Singh; Neil Spratt; Daniel Strbian; Carol H Tham; M Ivan Wiggam; David J Williams; Mark R Willmot; Teddy Wu; Amy Y X Yu; George Zachariah; Atif Zafar; Charlotte Zerna; Michael D Hill; Marina Salluzzi; Nicole Blenkin; Ashley Dueck; Craig Doram; Qiao Zhang; Karla Ryckborst; Shelly Bohn; Quentin Collier; Frances Taylor; B. Cord Lethebe; Anitha Jambula; Kayla Sage; Lana Toussaint; Supryia Save; Jaclyn Lee; N Laham; A.A. Sultan; A. Deepak; A. Sitaram; Andrew M. Demchuk; A. Lockey; A. Micielli; A. Wadhwa; B. Arabambi; B. Graham; Chrysi Bogiatzi; Darshan Doshi; D. Chakraborty; Diana Kim; D Vasquez; D Singh; Dominic Tse; E. Harrison; E.E. Smith; E. Teleg; E. Klourfeld; G. Klein; I.A. Sebastian; J Evans; J Hegedus; J Kromm; K Lin; K Ignacio; Kimia Ghavami; M. Ismail; M. Moores; M.A. Panzini; M. Boyko; M.A. Almekhlafi; Nancy Newcommon; N. Maraj; O. Imoukhuede; O. Volny; Peter Stys; Phillipe Couillard; P. Ojha; P. Eswaradass; Raed Joundi; R. Singh; R.M. Asuncion; R.T. Muir; S. Dey; S. Mansoor; S. Wasyliw; S. Nagendra; Sherry Hu; S. Althubait; S. Chen; S. Bal; Stephen Van Gaal; Steven Peters; Sucharita Ray; S. Chaturvedi; Suresh Subramaniam; Vivian Fu; K. Villaluna; G. Maclean; P. King-Azote; C. Ma; A. Plecash; C. Murphy; J. Gorman; L. Wilson; L. Zhou; O. Benevente; P. Teal; S. Yip; S. Mann; B. Dewar; M. Demetroff; R. Shamloul; R. Beardshaw; S. Roberts; D. Blaquiere; G. Stotts; M. Shamy; O. Bereznyakova; R. Fahed; W. Alesefir; Suzy Lavoie; A. Hache; K Collard; A. Mackey; S. Gosselin-Lefebvre; S. Verreault; B. Beauchamp; L. Lambourn; A. Khaw; L. Mai; L. Sposato; M. Bres Bullrich; R. Azarpazhooh; S. Fridman; A. Kapoor; A. Southwell; E. Bardi; I. Fatakdawala; M Kamra; K. Lopes; N. Popel; V. Norouzi; A. Liu; A.M. Liddy; B. Ghoari; C. Hawkes; C.A. Enriquez; D.J. Gladstone; H.A. Manosalva Alzate; H. Khosravani; J.J. Hopyan; K. Sivakumar; M. Son; M.I. Boulos; M.A. Hamind; R.H. Swartz; R. Murphy; S. Reiter; T. Fitzpatrick; V. Bhandari; J. Good; M. Penn; M. Naylor; S. Frost; A. Cayley; F. Akthar; J. Williams; L. Kalman; L. Crellin; R. Wiegner; R.S. Singh; T. Stewart; W. To; S. Singh; A. Pikula; C. Jaigobin; F. Carpani; F. Silver; H. Janssen; J. Schaafsma; M. del Campo; M. Alskaini; P. Rajendram; P. Fairall; B. Granfield; D. Crawford; J. Jabs; L. White; L. Sivakumar; L. Piquette; T. Nguyen; A. Nomani; A. Wagner; A. Alrohimi; A. Butt; A. D'Souza; B. Gajurel; C. Vekhande; H. Kamble; H. Kalashyan; M. Lloret; M. Benguzzi; N. Arsalan; N. Ishaque; R. Ashayeriahmadabad; R. Samiento; S. Hosseini; S. Kazi; S. Das; T. Sugumar; D. Selchen; P. Kostyrko; A. Muccilli; A.G. Saposnik; C. Vandervelde; K. Ratnayake; S. McMillan; A. Katsanos; A. Shoamanesh; D.J. Sahlas; V. Naidoo; V. Todorov; H. Toma; J. Brar; J. Lee; M. Horton; E. Shand; S. Weatherby; A. Jin; B. Durafourt; S. Jalini; A. Gardner; C. Tyson; E. Junk; K. Foster; K. Bolt; N. Sylvain; S. Maley; L. Urroz; L. Peeling; M. Kelly; R. Whelan; R. Cooley; J. Teitelbaum; A. Boutayeb; A. Moore; E. Cole; L. Waxman; N. Ben-Amor; R. Sanchez; S. Khalil; A. Nehme; C. Legault; D. Tampieri; E. Ehrensperger; L. Vieira; M. Cortes; M. Angle; M. Hannouche; M. Badawy; K. Werner; S. Wieszmuellner; A. Langer; A. Gisold; H. Zach; P. Rommer; S. Macher; S. Blechinger; W. Marik; W. Series; M. Baumgartinger; S. Krebs; J. Koski; S. Eirola; T. Ivanoff; A. 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Linton; G. Garcia; E.P. Callaly; H. Dewey; J. Liu; J. Chen; J. Wong; K. Nowak; K. To; N.S. Lizak; O. Bhalala; P. Park; P. Tan; R. Martins; R. Cody; R. Forbes; S.K. Chen; S. Ooi; S. Tu; Y.L. Dang; Z. Ling; J. Cranefield; R. Drew; A. Tan; C. Kurunawai; J. Harvey; J.J. Mahadevan; L. Cagi; L. Palanikumar; L.N. Chia; R. Goh; S. El-Masri; B. Urbi; C. Rapier; H. Berrill; H. McEvoy; R. Dunning; S. Kuriakose; T. Chad; V. Sapaen; A. Sabet; D. Shah; D. Yeow; K. Lilley; K. Ward; M. Mozhy Mahizhnan; M. Tan; C. Lynch; S. Coveney; K. Tobin; J. McCabe; M. Marnane; S. Murphy; M. Large; B. Moynihan; K. Boyle; E. Sanjuan; M. Sanchis; S. Boned; O. Pancorbo; V. Sala; L. Garcia; A. Garcia-Tornel; J. Juega; J. Pagola; K. Santana; M. Requena; M. Muchada; M. Olive; P.J. Lozano; M. Rubiera; M. Deck; N. Rodriguez; B. Gomez; F.J. Reyes Munoz; A.S. Gomez; A.C. Sanz; E.C. Garcia; G. Penacoba; M.E. Ramos; M. de Lera Alfonso; A Feliu; L. Pardo; P. Ramirez; A. Murillo; D. Lopez Dominguez; J. Rodriguez; M. 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Osterdahl; M. Kwan; M. Matthew; N. Ike; P. Bello; P. Wilding; R. Fuentes; R. Shah; S. Mashate; T. Patel; U. Nwanguma; V. Dave; A. Haber; A. Lee; A. O'Sullivan; B. Drumm; A.C. Dawson; T. Matar; D. Roberts; E. Taylor; E. Rounis; A. El-Masry; C. O'Hare; D. Kalladka; S. Jamil; S. Auger; O. Raha; M. Evans; F. Vonberg; S. Kalam; A. Ali Sheikh; I.H. Jenkins; J. George; J. Kwan; J. Blagojevic; M. Saeed; M. Haji-Coll; M. Tsuda; M. Sayed; N. Winterkron; N. Thanbirajah; O. Vittay; R. Karim; R.C. Smail; S. Gauhar; S. Elmamoun; S. Malani; S. Pralhad Kelavkar; J. Hiden; P. Ferdinand; R. Sanyal; R. Varquez; B. Smith; C. Okechukwu; E. Fox; E. Collins; K. Courtney; S. Tauro; C. Patterson; D. McShane; G. Roberts; J. McIImoyle; K. McGuire; P. Fearon; P. Gordon; K. Isaacs; K. Lucas; L. Smith; L. Dews; M. Bates; S. Lawrence; S. Heeley; V. Patel; Y.M. Chin; D. Sims; E. Littleton; J. Khaira; K. Nadar; A. Kieliszkowska; B. Sari; C. Domingos Belo; E. Smith; E.Y. Manolo; J. Aeron-Thomas; M. Doheny; M. 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R.K.; Tsybulnikova, E.M.; Khaibullin, M.V.; Dzhimbieva, D.Y.; Pogonchikova, A.V.; Alaeva, G.K.; Prudnikova, A.V.; Cherepanov, Y.N.; Nosurak, A.V.; Myagkova, S.I.; Pakhomova, N.I.; Adamyan, M.M.; Bogomolova, S.V.; Vinogradova, E.A.; Stakhanova, S.I.; Tikhonova, E.Y.; Stakhanov, V.A.; Demidova, A.V.; Sahakyan, O.V.; Bykova, T.V.; Blinova, I.A.; Primasyuk, I.V.; Egorov, A.V.; Vozisov, A.S.; Ivanov, A.A.; Kontsevaya, T.B.; Mochalina, T.M.; Moskvicheva, N.V.; Tatarenko, N.E.; Semenova, E.A.; Nazarova, N.N.; Balakina, V.; Sahakova, K.V.; Aleksandrov, A.V.; Zaitsev, A.V.; Lagutina, E.A.; Khmelevskaya, I.Y.; Beslaneeva, E.C.; Sidorova, R.P.; Cherdintseva, D.V.; Cherdintsev, M.V.; Pervusheva, G.A.; Gavrilova, A.S.; Vikhreva, O.G.; Khachikyan, E.S.; Bozhkova, E.N.; Tikhtiy, T.V.; Kapinos, R.E.; Rozova, O.V.; Guseva, E.A.; Peredernin, S.A.; Nikolaeva, E.G.; Nikolaeva, T.A.; Lebedeva, O.V.; Ayrapetova, I.V.; Rizaev, A.M.; Titova, E.A.; Marmurova, I.V.; Semko, Y.V.; Chernushkina, E.I.; Mandzhieva, O.V.; Dmitrieva, N.S.; Zhugunisova, R.S.; Semenova, O.P.; Komissarova, L.E.; Illarionova, E.V.; Patrusheva, E.P.; Batmanova, L.N.; Davydova, N.P.; Markina, S.B.; Khromenkova, Y.I.; Skulova, I.S.; Bunaeva, S.A.; Kosolapova, E.A.; Bobkova, Y.V.; Epifanova, O.V.; Podrezova, M.A.; Nikonova, N.L.; Timofeev, A.A.; Shatalova, E.N.; Mulin, I.V.; Ugolkova, E.I.; Sorochkina, A.P.; Zhogoleva, M.V.; Dyakova, G.V.; Maslikova, T.N.; Moskovkina, N.V.; Khromova, T.V.; Frantsuzova, I.Y.; Zubareva, L.V.; Mamonova, A.V.; Samsonova, S.V.; Demchuk, T.I.; Vikhman, E.A.; Nikitina, A.N.; Sventsitskaya, O.S.; Gorbunova, L.P.; Shkulov, S.G.; Beletskaya, N.V.; Vazina, N.V.; Sevostyanova, T.N.; Trilinskaya, A.G.; Bolotskaya, G.N.; Merkitanova, S.N.; Andrianova, E.N.; Sadovskaya, N.S.; Polischuk, A.V.; Davletova, A.N.; Romanova, M.A.; Shapalina, A.V.; Gavrilova, S.A.; Ivanova, N.A.; Halimova, E.G.; Sharikhina, A.O.; Tokareva, N.A.; Stukan, Y.V.; Efremova, A.E.; Novikova, E.P.; Zakaryan, L.L.; Vasilieva, Y.S.; Ponomarenko, N.N.; Kuchinova, S.K.; Novoselova, T.Y.; Turusheva, E.A.; Saenko, E.V.; Kromm, E.D.; Ivzhenko, Y.V.; Ryabchuk, G.G.; Sabakar, T.M.; Reshetnikova, N.G.; Fedorova, L.V.; Novoselova, O.A.; Volodchenko, T.V.; Pashkovskaya, T.N.; Adamova, N.A.; Davletshina, R.A.; Vasilieva, E.V.; Shitik, L.N.; Marenich, M.V.; Murotova, S.A.; Fedorova, E.M.; Suvorova, S.G.; Kvashnina, A.A.; Lonkina, L.A.; Nikitenko, S.A.; Morozova, A.V.; Donskikh, G.P.; Asessorova, E.V.; Zakharova, A.A.; Vetrova, A.N.; Fedotova, E.V.; Faizulina, M.R.; Minaevskaya, I.Y.; Mitroshina, T.N.; Strebkova, M.V.; Ovsyannikova, M.L.; Zhigacheva, Y.S.; Larina, V.K.; Serikova, S.P.; Shirganova, G.S.; Usanova, E.V.; Musailova, O.A.; Pozdina, L.N.; Kriulina, N.V.; Drondina, Y.S.; Pikuleva, V.A.; Goncharova, V.V.; Lukina, S.F.; Zvereva, V.I.; Ershova, V.V.; Tyabut (Gudkova), S.D.; Baslakovskaya, A.Y.; Petrina, A.E.; Solovyeva, L.V.; Edigarova, O.G.; Babich, O.V.; Shtefa, Y.V.; Zograbyan, A.B.; Ivanova, O.Y.; Luka, V.A.; Lebed, S.N.; Khadzhieva, E.I.; Kulakova, I.A.; Tolstokoneva, T.P.; Dobosotskaya, L.V.; Dranishnikova, E.M.; Bunina, N.G.; Panchenko, N.N.; Varnovskaya, N.Y.; Shulgina, N.E.; Boboshko, T.N.; Pyshyeva, E.A.; Gaystruk, G.I.; Sergeeva, M.G.; Fartushnova, I.V.; Traba, T.A.; Gordon, V.I.; Kolesnikova, M.V.; Polyakova, G.G.; Goryachkina, M.A.; Goloshchapova, O.V.; Novichkova, O.L.; Sleptsova, N.V.; Raldugina, Y.V.; Lyubimova, O.P.; Amirova, I.V.; Chkhachkhalia, I.Z.; Koroleva, E.V.; Alieva, E.A.; Kurilova, N.P.; Bogdanova, E.S.; Ketsko, P.Y.; Malenev, A.L.; Fomicheva, N.I.; Zaytseva, M.P.; Furtova, N.V.; Biryukova, L.A.; Aleshugina, E.G.; Ushakova, E.V.; Eliseeva, N.P.; Kiryanova, O.G.; Ermilova, I.S.; Stanovaya, V.A.; Petrova, M.V.; Kulina, L.P.; Yekimova, N.V.; Tikotina, I.M.; Arteeva, N.T.; Lapina, E.A.; Lushanina, O.Y.; Volynskaya, T.A.; Bliznyukova, Y.M.; Vikhrova, A.F.; Loseva, E.Y.; Maltseva, M.I.; Kozlova, M.V.; Ivanova, N.V.; Pavlova, E.G.; Sozi, Y.N.; Khorobrova, O.M.; Grekova, L.I.; Matyushina, A.R.; Gomonova, I.N.; Malyshev, Y.D.; Ivantsova, G.V.; Verkhovskaya, V.A.; Nosova, E.A.; Zikun, S.O.; Sokhen, L.V.; Vologdina, E.L.; Shelepov, A.V.; Atzpol, E.A.; Timaeva, G.R.; Maksimenko, I.N.; Shcherbak, K.S.; Pobegay, O.V.; Pleskanovskaya, N.V.; Chuchin, Y.V.; Nesterov, A.I.; Skripka, I.D.; Nevolina, I.A.; Li, L.V.; Ryabova, N.V.; Perevoznikova, E.N.; Morozova, N.N.; Volkova, E.V.; Vlasova, I.V.; Reznikova, E.V.; Tregubenko, N.S.; Tregubova, N.S.; Goncharova, M.A.; Kotova, A.V.; Munipova, E.R.; Gasparyan, K.A.; Sherstobitova, T.F.; Zagrutdinova, L.I.; Gilmanova, Y.K.; Ismagilova, I.R.; Mustaeva, Y.V.; Doynikova, Y.A.; Kharasova, A.F.; Koshmanova, A.S.; Ponomareva, T.N.; Zahezina, L.V.; Smolnikova, N.V.; Golubeva, N.V.; Mingaleva, N.V.; Lapchenkova, E.V.; Kukharets, Y.V.; Lozikova, A.A.; Ushakova, N.S.; Katyrova, L.M.; Bezmenova, M.A.; Chikova, M.V.; Demidova, M.P.; Lebedeva, L.N.; Merkulyeva, I.A.; Voronik, A.A.; Cherenkova, O.P.; Tereneva, N.A.; Kapralova, V.M.; Romanycheva, B.M.; Sitnikova, S.A.; Lenivkova, I.A.; Khazanova, E.V.; Palshina, M.V.; Sheveleva, M.V.; Shalycheva, T.A.; Kirsanova, L.V.; Marakhonova, T.A.; Rafikova, E.A.; Smirnova, M.V.; Dobrolyubova, M.G.; Rogozina, O.M.

In: Cardiology and Therapy. (Cardiology and Therapy, 1 June 2020, 9(1):139-152)

Mor, S.K.; Sharafeldin, T.A.; Abin, M.; Porter, R.E.; Goyal, S.M.; Patnayak, D.P.; Kromm, M.

In: Avian Pathology. (Avian Pathology, 2013, 42(5):497-501)

Turgeon AF; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Fergusson DA; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Clayton L; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Patton MP; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Neveu X; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Walsh TS; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Docherty A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Malbouisson LM; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Pili-Floury S; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; English SW; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Zarychanski R; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Moore L; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Bonaventure PL; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Laroche V; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Verret M; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Scales DC; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Adhikari NKJ; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Greenbaum J; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Kramer A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Rey VG; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Ball I; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Khwaja K; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Wise M; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Harvey D; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Lamontagne F; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Chabanne R; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Algird A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Krueper S; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Pottecher J; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Zeiler F; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Rhodes J; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Rigamonti A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Burns KEA; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Marshall J; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Griesdale DE; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Sisconetto LS; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Kutsogiannis DJ; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Roger C; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Green R; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Boyd JG; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Wright J; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Charbonney E; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Nair P; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Astles T; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Sy E; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Hébert PC; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Chassé M; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Gomez A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Ramsay T; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Taljaard M; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Fox-Robichaud A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Tinmouth A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; St-Onge M; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Costerousse O; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.; Lauzier F; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE