학술논문
'학술논문'
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1~10
Academic Journal
Bravo, L; Nepogodiev, D; Glasbey, JC; Li, E; Simoes, JFF; Kamarajah, SK; Picciochi, M; Abbott, TEF; Ademuyiwa, AO; Arnaud, AP; Agarwal, A; Brar, A; Elhadi, M; Mazingi, D; Cardoso, VR; Lawday, S; Sayyed, R; Omar, OM; de la Madina, AR; Slater, L; Venn, M; Gkoutos, G; Bhangu, A; Karwath, A; Siaw-Acheampong, K; Argus, L; Chaudhry, D; Dawson, BE; Gujjuri, RR; Jones, CS; Khatri, C; Keatley, JM; Mann, H; Marson, EJ; Mclean, KA; Taylor, EH; Tiwari, A; Trout, IM; Venn, ML; Wilkin, RJW; Dajti, I; Gjata, A; Boccalatte, L; Modolo, MM; Cox, D; Pockney, P; Townend, P; Aigner, F; Kronberger, I; Hossain, K; VanRamshorst, G; Lawani, I; Ataide, G; Baiocchi, G; Buarque, I; Gohar, M; Slavchev, M; Martin, J; Olivos, M; Calvache, J; Rivera, CJP; Hadzibegovic, AD; Kopjar, T; Mihanovic, J; Klat, J; Novysedlak, R; Christensen, P; El-Hussuna, A; Batista, S; Lincango, E; Emile, SH; Mengesha, MG; Hailu, S; Tamiru, H; Kauppila, J; Laukkarinen, J; Arnaud, A; Albertsmeiers, M; Lederhuber, H; Loffler, M; Tabiri, S; Metallidis, S; Tsoulfas, G; Lorena, MA; Grecinos, G; Mersich, T; Wettstein, D; Ghosh, D; Kembuan, G; Brouk, P; Khosravi, M; Mozafari, M; Adil, A; Mohan, HM; Zmora, O; Fiore, M; Gallo, G; Pata, F; Pellino, G; Satoi, S; Ayasra, F; Chaar, M; Fakhradiyev, IR; Jamal, M; Gulla, A; Roslani, A; Martinez, L; De La Medina, AR; Outani, O; Jonker, P; Kruijff, S; Noltes, M; Steinkamp, P; Van der Plas, W; Ademuyiwa, A; Osinaike, B; Seyiolajide, J; Williams, E; Pejkova, S; Augestad, KM; Soreide, K; Al Balushi, Z; Qureshi, A; Daraghmeh, MA; Abukhalaf, S; Cukier, M; Gomez, H; Shu, S; Vasquez, X; Parreno-Sacdalan, MD; Major, P; Azevedo, J; Cunha, M; Santos, I; Zarour, A; Bonci, EA; Negoi, I; Efetov, S; Litvin, A; Ntirenganya, F; AlAmeer, E; Radenkovic, D; Xiang, FKH; Hoe, CM; Yong, JNC; Moore, R; Nhlabathi, N; Colino, RB; Bravo, AM; Jayarajah, U; Wickramasinghe, D; Elmujtaba, M; Jebril, W; Rutegard, M; Sund, M; Isik, A; Leventoglu, S; Benson, R; Caruna, E; Chakrabortee, S; Demetriades, A; Desai, A; Drake, TD; Edwards, JG; Evans, JP; Ford, S; Fotopoulou, C; Griffiths, E; Hutchinson, P; Jenkinson, MD; Khan, T; Knight, S; Kolias, A; Leung, E; McKay, S; Norman, L; Ots, R; Raghavan, V; Roberts, K; Schache, A; Shaw, R; Shaw, K; Smart, N; Stewart, G; Sundar, S; Vimalchandran, D; Wright, N; Alshryda, S; Alser, O; Breen, K; Ganly, I; Kaafarani, H; Kendall, B; Mashbari, H; Al Naggar, H; Dajti; Valenzuela, J; Boccalatte, LA; Gemelli, NA; Smith, DE; Dudi-Venkata, NN; Kroon, HM; Sammour, T; Roberts, M; Mitchell, D; Lah, K; Pearce, A; Morton, A; Dawson, AC; Drane, A; Sharpin, C; Nataraja, RM; Pacilli, M; Cox, DRA; Muralidharan; Riddiough, GE; Clarke, EM; Jamel, W; Qin, KR; Cope, D; Egoroff, N; Lott, N; Putnis, S; Ang, Z; Mitteregger, M; Uranitsch, S; Stiegler, M; Seitinger, G; Lumenta, DB; Nischwitz, SP; Richtig, E; Pau, M; Srekl-Filzmaier, P; Eibinger, N; Michelitsch, B; Fediuk, M; Papinutti, A; Seidel, G; Kahn, J; Cohnert, TU; Messner, F; Ofner, D; Presl, J; Varga, M; Weitzendorfer, M; Emmanuel, K; Binder, AD; Zimmermann, M; Holawe, S; Nkenke, E; Grimm, C; Kranawetter, M; Mitul, AR; Islam, N; Karim, S; Komen, N; De Robels, S; Ang, E; De Praetere, H; Tollens, T; Schols, G; Smets, C; Haenen, L; Quintens, J; Van Belle, K; Van Ramshorst, GH; Pattyn, P; Desender, L; Martens, T; Van de Putte, D; Lerut, P; Grimonprez, A; Janssen, M; De Smul, G; Wallaert, P; Van den Eynde, J; Oosterlinck, W; Van den Eynde, R; Sermon, A; Boeckxstaens, A; Cordonnier, A; De Coster, J; Jaekers, J; Politis, C; Miserez, M; Duchateau, N; De Gheldere, C; Flamey, N; Christiano, A; Guidi, B; Minussi, AL; Castro, S; Okoba, W; Maldonado, FHR; Oliveira, P; Baldasso, T; Santos, L; Gomes, GMA; Buarque, IL; Pol-Fachin, L; Bezerra, TS; Barros, A; da Silva, AMR; Leite, ALS; Silvestre, DWA; Ferro, CC; Araujo, MS; Lopes, LM; Damasceno, PD; Araujo, DHS; Laporte, G; Salem, MC; Guimaraes, MAC; Nacif, L; Flumignan, RLG; Nakano, LCU; Kuramoto, DAB; Aidar, ALS; Pereda, MR; Correia, RM; Santos, BC; Carvalho, AA; Amorim, JE; Neto, HJG; Areias, LL; Sousa, AF; Flumignan, CDQ; Lustre, WG; Moreno, DH; Barros, N Jr; Baptista-Silva, JCC; Matos, LL; Kowaski, LP; Kulcsar, MA; Nunes, KS; Teixeira, MF; Nunes, RL; Ijichi, TR; Kim, NJ; Marreiro, A; Muller, B; Awada, JB; Kowalski, LP; Vartanian, JG; Makdissi, FB; Aguiar, S Jr; Marques, N; Carvalho, GB; Marques, TMDM; Abdallah, EA; Zurstrassen, CE; Gross, JL; Zequi, SC; Goncalves, BT; Santos, SS; Duprat, JP; Coimbra, FJF; Cicco, R; Takeda, F; Cecconello; Ribeiro, U Jr; Gatti, A; Oliva, R; Nardi, C; Atanasov, B; Belev, N; Dell, A; Bigam, D; Dajani, K; Al Riyami, S; Cheng, D; Yang, H; Fayad, A; Carrier, FM; Amzallag, E; Desroches, J; Ruel, M; Caminsky, NG; Boutros, M; Moon, J; Wong, EG; Vanounou, T; Pelletier, J; Wong, S; Girsowicz, E; Bayne, J; Obrand, D; Gill, H; Steinmetz, O; MacKenzie, K; Lukaszewski, M; Jamjoum, G; Richebe, P; Verdonck, O; Discepola, S; Godin, N; Idrissi, M; Briatico, D; Sharma, S; Talwar, G; Bailey, K; Lecluyse; Cote, G; Demyttenaere, S; Garfinkle, R; Kouyoumdjian, A; Dumitra, S; Khwaja, K; Luo, L; Berry, G; Liberman, AS; Schmid, S; Spicer, J; Al Farsi, M; Abou-Khalil, J; Couture, E; Mohammadi, S; Tremblay, H; Gagne, N; Bergeron, A; Turgeon, AF; Costerousse, O; Bellemare, D; Babin, C; Blier, C; Wood, ML; Persad, A; Groot, G; Pham, H; D'Aragon, F; Carbonneau, E; Bouchard, M; Masse, M; Pesant, F; Heroux, J; Karanicolas, P; Hallet, J; Nadler, A; Nathens, A; Ko, M; Mayson, K; Kidane, B; Srinathan, S; Escudero, M; Reyes, JT; Nieto, PR; Sepulveda, R; Bolbaran, A; Molero, A; Ruiz; Reyes, GP; Salas, R; Suazo, C; Munoz, R; Grasset, E; Inzunza, M; Besser, N; Irarrazaval, MJ; Jarry, C; Bellolio, F; Manqui, CAR; Esquide, MR; Fuentes, T; Campos, J; Cabrera, PA; Pinilla, RE; Guevara, O; Ramirez, LJJ; Cuasquen, BGV; Mora, DRH; Bonilla, A; Diaz, S; Manrique, E; Facundo, H; Bernal, JLV; Angel, J; Garcia, M; Guzman, L; Lehmann, C; Cervera, S; Sanchez, LMT; Guevara, R; Valbuena, D; Suarez, L; Jimenez, G; Velandia, A; Vargas, J; Espinosa, J; Rey, S; Quevedo, JM; Calvache, JA; Orozco-Chamorro, CM; Sanchez-Gomez, TA; Rojas-Tejada, DA; Bakmaz, B; Rakvin; Sulen, N; Andabaka, T; Luksic; Mamic, M; Martinek, L; Skrovina, M; Zatecky, J; Peteja, M; Kristensen, HO; Mekhael, M; Westh, L; Smith, H; Haugstvedt, AF; Jonsson, ML; Crespo, A; Rodriguez-Abreu, J; Tactuk, N; Diaz-Delgado, PJ; Rivas, R; Sarmiento-Bobadilla, JA; Ashoush, F; Abdelaal, AS; Qatora, MS; Hewalla, MEE; Metwalli, M; Atta, R; Abdelmajeed, A; Abosamak, NE; Sabry, A; Shehata, S; Sallam; Amira, G; Sherief, M; Sherif, A; Salem, H; Hamdy, R; Aboulkassem, H; Ghaly, G; Sherif, G; Morsi, A; Abdelrahman, A; Omnia, A; Tawheed, A; El Kassas, M; Omar, W; Abdelsamed, A; Seleim, A; Azzam, AY; ElFiky, M; Nabil, A; Ibraheem, M; ElDeeb, M; Fawzy, M; Hamed, H; Emile, S; Elfallal, A; Elfeki, H; Shalaby, M; Sakr, A; Alrahawy, M; Atif, H; Soltan, H; Sayed, AK; Salah, A; Atiya, A; Wassim, K; Abbas, AM; Abd Elazeem, HAS; Abd-Elkariem, AY; Abd-Elkarem, MM; Alaa, S; Ali, AK; Ashraf, M; Ayman, A; Azizeldine, MG; Elkhayat, H; Mashhour, AE; Gaber, M; Hamza, HM; Hawal; Hetta, HF; Elghazaly, SM; Mohammed, MM; Monib, FA; Nageh, MA; Saad, A; Saad, MM; Shahine, M; Yousof, EA; Youssef, A; Esmail, E; Khalaf, M; Eldaly, A; Ghoneim, A; Hawila, A; Badr, H; Elhalaby; Abdel-bari, M; Elbahnasawy, M; Hamada, MK; Morsy, MS; Hammad, M; Essa, M; Fayed, MT; Elzoghby, M; Rady, M; Hamad, O; Salman, S; Sarsik, S; Abd-elsalam, S; Badr, SG; El-Masry, Y; Moahmmed, MMH; Wolde, A; Mengesha, M; Nida, S; Workneh, M; Ahmed, MY; Fisseha, T; Kassa, D; Zeleke, H; Admasu, A; Laeke, T; Tirsit, A; Gessesse, M; Addissie, A; Bekele, D; Kauppila, JH; Sarjanoja, E; Testelin, S; Dakpe, S; Devauchelle, B; Bettoni, J; Lavagen, N; Schmitt, F; Lemee, JM; Boucher, S; Breheret, R; Kun-Darbois, JD; Kahn, A; Gueutier, A; Bigot, P; Borraccino, B; Lakkis, Z; Doussot, A; Heyd, B; Manfredelli, S; Mathieu, P; Paquette, B; Turco, C; Barrabe, A; Louvrier, A; Moszkowicz, D; Giovinazzo, D; Bretagnol, F; Police, A; Charre, L; Volpin, E; Braham, H; El Arbi, N; Villefranque, V; Bendjemar, L; Girard, E; Abba, J; Trilling, B; Chebaro, A; Lecolle, K; Truant, S; El Amrani, M; Zerbib, P; Pruvot, FR; Mathieu, D; Surmei, E; Mattei, L; Christou, N; Ballouhey, Q; Ferrero, P; Mazeau, PC; Tricard, J; Barrat, B; Taibi, A; Usseglio, J; Laloze, J; Salle, H; Fourcade, L; Duchalais, E; Regenet, N; Rigaud, J; Waast, D; Denis, W; Malard, O; Buffenoir, K; Espitalier, F; Ferron, C; Varenne, Y; Crenn; De Vergie, S; Cristini, J; Samarut, E; Tzedakis, S; Bouche, PA; Gaujoux, S; Kantor, E; Gossot, D; Seguin-Givelet, A; Fuks, D; Grigoroiu, M; Salas, RS; Cathelineau, X; Macek, P; Barbe, Y; Rozet, F; Barret, E; Mombet, A; Cathala, N; Brian, E; Zadegan, F; Conso, C; Blanc, T; Broch, A; Sarnacki, S; Ali, L; Bonnard, A; Peycelon, M; Hervieux, E; Clermidi, P; Maisonneuve, E; Aubry, E; Thomin, A; Langlais, T; Passot, G; Glehen, O; Cotte, E; Lifante, JC; De Simone, B; Chouillard, E; Violas, P; Bergeat, D; Merdrignac, A; Scalabre, A; Perotto, LO; Le Roy, B; Haddad, E; Vermersch, S; Ezanno, AC; Barbier, O; Vigouroux, F; Malgras, B; Aime, A; Seeliger, B; Mutter, D; Philouze, G; Pessaux, P; Germain, A; Chanty, H; Ayav, A; Kassir, R; Von Theobald, P; Sauvat, F; O'Connor, J; Idiata, MM; O'Connor, Z; Tchoba, S; Modabber, A; Winnand, P; Holzle, F; Sommer, B; Shiban, E; Wolf, S; Anthuber, M; Sommer, F; Kaemmerer, D; Schreiber, T; Kamphues, C; Lauscher, JC; Schineis, C; Loch, FN; Beyer, K; Nasser, S; Sehouli, J; Hohn, P; Braumann, C; Reinkemeier, F; Uhl, W; Weitz, J; Bork, U; Welsch, T; Praetorius, C; Korn, S; Distler, M; Fluegen, G; Knoefel, WT; Vay, C; Golcher, H; Grutzmann, R; Binder, J; Meister, P; Gallinat, A; Paul, A; Schnitzbauer, AA; Thoenissen, P; El Youzouri, H; Schreckenbach, T; Nguyen, TA; Eberbach, H; Bayer, J; Erdle, B; Sandkamp, R; Nitschke, C; Izbicki, J; Uzunoglu, FG; Koenig, D; Gosau, M; Bottcher, A; Heuer, A; Klatte, TO; Priemel, M; Betz, CS; Burg, S; Mockelmann, N; Busch, CJ; Bewarder, J; Zeller, N; Smeets, R; Thole, S; Vollkommer, T; Speth, U; Stangenberg, M; Hakami; Boeker, C; Mall, J; Schardey, HM; von Ahnen, T; von Ahnen, M; Brunner, U; Tapking, C; Kneser, U; Hirche, C; Jung, M; Kowalewski, KF; Kienle, P; Reissfelder, C; Seyfried, S; Herrle, F; Hardt, J; Galata, C; Birgin, E; Rahbari, N; Vassos, N; Stoleriu, MG; Hatz, R; Albertsmeier, M; Borner, N; Lampert, C; Werner, J; Kuehlmann, B; Prantl, L; Brunner, SM; Schlitt, HJ; Brennfleck, F; Pfister, K; Oikonomou, K; Reinhard, T; Nowak, K; Ronellenfitsch, U; Kleeff, J; Delank, KS; Michalski, CW; Szabo, G; Widyaningsih, R; Stavrou, GA; Bschorer, R; Mielke, J; Peschel, T; Konigsrainer, A; Quante, M; Loffler, MW; Yurttas, C; Doerner, J; Seiberth, R; Bouchagier, K; Klimopoulos, S; Paspaliari, D; Stylianidis, G; Syllaios, A; Baili, E; Schizas, D; Liakakos, T; Charalabopoulos, A; Zografos, C; Spartalis, E; Manatakis, DK; Tasis, N; Antonopoulou, M; Xenaki, S; Xynos, E; Chrysos, E; Athanasakis, E; Tsiaousis, J; Lostoridis, E; Tourountzi, P; Tzovaras, G; Tepetes, K; Zacharoulis, D; Baloyiannis; Perivoliotis, K; Hajiioannou, J; Korais, C; Gkrinia, E; Skoulakis, CE; Saratziotis, A; Koukoura, O; Symeonidis, D; Diamantis, A; Christou, CD; Tooulias, A; Papadopoulos; Anthoulakis, C; Grimbizis, G; Zouzoulas, D; Tsolakidis, D; Tatsis, D; Christidis, P; Loutzidou, L; Ioannidis, O; Astreidis; Antoniou, A; Antoniadis, K; Vachtsevanos, K; Paraskevopoulos, K; Kalaitsidou; Alexoudi; Stavroglou, A; Mantevas, A; Michailidou, D; Grivas, T; Deligiannidis, D; Politis, S; Duarte, AB; Portilla, AL; Lowey, MJ; Recinos, G; Muralles, IL; Siguantay, MA; Estrada, EE; Aguilera-Arevalo, ML; Cojulun, JM; Echeverria-Davila, G; Marin, C; de Marin, GCI; Kok, SY; Joeng, HKM; Chan, LL; Lim, D; Novak, Z; Echim, T; Susztak, N; Banky, B; Pajan, H; Islam, AA; Rahim, F; Safari, H; Milan, PB; Tizmaghz, A; Tavirani, MR; Ahmed, A; Hussein, R; Fleming, C; O'Brien, S; Kayyal, MY; Daly, A; Killeen, S; Corrigan, M; De Marchi, J; Hill, A; Farrell, T; Davis, NF; Kearney, D; Nelson, T; Maguire, PJ; Barry, C; Farrell, R; Smith, LA; Mehigan, BJ; McCormick, P; Larkin, JO; Fahey, BA; Rogers, A; Donlon, N; O'Sullivan, H; Nugent, T; Reynolds, J; Donohue, C; Shokuhi, P; Ravi, N; Fitzgerald, C; Lennon, P; Timon, C; Kinsella, J; Smith, J; Boyle, T; Alazawi, D; Connolly, E; Butt, W; Croghan, SM; Manecksha, RP; Fearon, N; Winter, D; Heneghan, H; Maguire, D; Gallagher, T; Conlon, K; Kennedy, N; Martin, S; Kennelly, R; Hanly, A; Ng, KC; Fagan, J; Geary, E; Cullinane, C; Carrington, E; Geraghty, J; McDermott, E; Pritchard, R; McPartland, D; Boland, M; Stafford, A; Geoghegan, J; Elliott, JA; Ridgway, PF; Gillis, AE; Bass, GA; Neary, PC; O'Riordan, JM; Kavanagh, DO; Reynolds, IS; Joyce, DP; Boyle, E; Egan, B; Whelan, M; Elkady, R; Tierney, S; Connelly, TM; Earley, H; Umair, M; O'Connell, C; Thomas, AZ; Rice, D; Madden, A; Bashir, Y; Creavin, B; Cullivan, O; Owens, P; Canas-Martinez, A; Murphy, C; Pickett, L; Murphy, B; Mastrosimone, A; Beddy, D; Arumugasamy, M; Allen, M; Aremu, M; McCarthy, C; O'Connor, C; O'Connor, DB; Kent, E; Malone, F; Geary, M; McKevitt, KL; Lowery, AJ; Ryan, EJ; Aherne, TM; Fowler, A; Hassanin, A; Hogan, AM; Collins, CG; Finnegan, L; Carroll, PA; Kerin, MJ; Walsh, SR; Nally, D; Peirce, C; Coffey, JC; Cunningham, RM; Tormey, S; Hardy, NP; Neary, PM; Muallem-Kalmovich, L; Kugler, N; Lavy, R; Horesh, N; Vergari, R; Mochet, S; Barmasse, R; Usai, A; Morelli, L; Picciariello, A; Papagni; Altomare, DF; Colledan, M; Zambelli, MF; Tornese, S; Camillo, A; Rausa, E; Bianco, F; Lucianetti, A; Prucher, GM; Baietti, AM; Ruggiero, F; Maremonti, P; Neri, F; Ricci, S; Biasini, M; Zarabini, AG; Belvedere, A; Bernante, P; Bertoglio, P; Boussedra, S; Brunocilla, E; Cipriani, R; Cisternino, G; De Crescenzo, E; De Iaco, P; Della Gatta, AN; Dondi, G; Frio, F; Jovine, E; Bianchi, FM; Neri, J; Parlanti, D; Perrone, AM; Pezzuto, AP; Pignatti, M; Pilu, G; Pinto; Poggioli, G; Ravaioli, M; Rottoli, M; Schiavina, R; Serenari, M; Serra, M; Solli, P; Taffurelli, M; Tanzanu, M; Tesei, M; Violante, T; Zanotti, S; Tonini; Sartarelli, L; Cervellera, M; Gori, A; Armatura, G; Scotton, G; Patauner, S; Frena, A; Podda, M; Pisanu, A; Esposito, G; Frongia, F; Abate, E; Laface, L; Casati, M; Schiavo, M; Casiraghi, T; Sammarco, G; Vescio, G; Fulginiti, S; Scorcia; Giannaccare, G; Carnevali, A; Giuffrida, MC; Marano, A; Palagi, S; Grimaldi, SD; Testa; Peluso, C; Borghi, F; Simonato, A; Puppo, A; D'Agruma, M; Chiarpenello, R; Pellegrino, L; Maione, F; Cianflocca, D; Ciarello, VP; Giraudo, G; Gelarda, E; Dalmasso, E; Abrate, A; Daniele, A; Ciriello; Rosato, F; Garnero, A; Leotta, L; Giacometti, M; Zonta, S; Lomiento, D; Taglietti, L; Dester, S; Compagnoni, B; Viotti, F; Cazzaniga, R; Del Giudice, R; Mazzotti, F; Pasini, F; Ugolini, G; Fabbri, N; Feo, C; Righini, E; Gennari, S; Chiozza, M; Anania, G; Urbani, A; Radica, MK; Carcoforo, P; Portinari, M; Sibilla, M; Anastasi, A; Bartalucci, B; Bellacci, A; Canonico, G; Capezzuoli, L; Di Martino, C; Ipponi, P; Linari, C; Montelatici, M; Nelli, T; Spagni, G; Tirloni, L; Vitali, A; Agostini, C; Alemanno, G; Bartolini; 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The British journal of surgery. 108(11):1274-1292
Academic Journal
Paradkar, Mandar S; D, Bella Devaleenal; Mvalo, Tisungane; Arenivas, Ana; Thakur, Kiran T; Wolf, Lisa; Nimkar, Smita; Inamdar, Sadaf; Giridharan, Prathiksha; Selladurai, Elilarasi; Kinikar, Aarti; Valvi, Chhaya; Khwaja, Saltanat; Gadama, Daphne; Balaji, Sarath; Kattagoni, Krishna Yadav; Venkatesan, Mythily; Savic, Radojka; Swaminathan, Soumya; Gupta, Amita; Gupte, Nikhil; Mave, Vidya; Dooley, Kelly E; Agiwal, Shivali; Ahire, Rupali; Balasubramanian, Usha; Bendre, Manjushree; Chandane, Jyoti; Chopade, Kavita; Dalimbkar, Shamala; Deshpande, Prasad; Dhage, Rajendra; Ithape, Mahesh; Jadhav, Varsha; Kante, Sonali; Kapre, Pallavi; Khan, Nawshaba; Kulkarni, Vandana; Madewar, Renu; Meshram, Shashibhushan; Muttha, Kunal; Nadgeri, Vaishali; Nagargoje, Arti; Nagraj, Amita; Nijampurkar, Aparna; Onawale, Prerana; Pawar, Namrata; Pawar, Prashant; Pradhan, Neeta; Shaikh, Varsha; Shaikh, Zaheda; Shere, Dhananjay; Wani, Gouri; Kulkarni, Rajesh; Rajput, Uday; Ganesan, Mangalambal; Arasan, Gunasundari; Shankar, Shakila; Mary, S Stella; Karuppaiah, Sureshwari; Pauline, Leema; Pramila, Snegha Karunakaran; Arul, Priyadharshini; Ganesh, Sankar; Hanna, Luke Elizabeth; Ramesh, K; Kannan, M; Vijayakumar, Ruthra; Sivakumar, Surekha S; Devika, K; Radhakrishnan, A; Preethi, AR; Rajkumar, S; Saravanan, N; Ramachandran, Geetha; Kumar, AK Hemanth; Dharman, M; Sudha, V; Hissar, Syed; Nagarajan, Valarmathi; Jennifer, Linda; Supriya, R; Manimegalai, R; Kandan, Santhanam; Maniselvi, Archana; Puspha, Oli; Vaishnavi, S; Selvi, R; Neelakandan, Logeswari; Chiunda, Mary; Chunga, Moreen; Kamanga, Madalo; Kamthunzi, Portia; Kanthiti, Elizabeth; Mbewe, Abineli; Msiska, Emmie; Mumba, Noel; Phiri, Ian Zifa; Palichina, Victor; Sichali, Dorothy
Clinical Infectious Diseases. 75(9)
Academic Journal
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BJS open. 5(6)
Academic Journal
Karmarkar, Ellora N; Blanco, Irin; Amornkul, Pauli N; DuBois, Amie; Deng, Xianding; Moonan, Patrick K; Rubenstein, Beth L; Miller, David A; Kennedy, Idamae; Yu, Jennifer; Dauterman, Justin P; Ongpin, Melissa; Hathaway, Wilmie; Hoo, Lisa; Trammell, Stephanie; Dosunmu, Ejovwoke F; Yu, Guixia; Khwaja, Zenith; Lu, Wendy; Talai, Nawzaneen Z; Jain, Seema; Louie, Janice K; Philip, Susan S; Federman, Scot; Masinde, Godfred; Wadford, Debra A; Bobba, Naveena; Stoltey, Juliet; Smith, Adrian; Epson, Erin; Chiu, Charles Y; Bennett, Ayanna S; Vasquez, Amber M; Williams, Troy
Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 42(10)
Academic Journal
Turgeon, A. F.; Fergusson, D. A.; Clayton, L.; Patton, M-P; Neveu, X.; Walsh, T. S.; Docherty, A.; Malbouisson, L. M.; Pili-Floury, S.; English, S. W.; Zarychanski, R.; Moore, L.; Bonaventure, P. L.; Laroche, V; Verret, M.; Scales, D. C.; Adhikari, N. K. J.; Greenbaum, J.; Kramer, A.; Rey, V. G.; Ball, I; Khwaja, K.; Wise, M.; Harvey, D.; Lamontagne, F.; Chabanne, R.; Algird, A.; Krueper, S.; Pottecher, J.; Zeiler, F.; Rhodes, J.; Rigamonti, A.; Burns, K. E. A.; Marshall, J.; Griesdale, D. E.; Sisconetto, L. S.; Kutsogiannis, D. J.; Roger, C.; Green, R.; Boyd, J. G.; Wright, J.; Charbonney, E.; Nair, P.; Astles, T.; Sy, E.; Hebert, P. C.; Chasse, M.; Gomez, A.; Ramsay, T.; Taljaard, M.; Fox-Robichaud, A.; Tinmouth, A.; St-Onge, M.; Costerousse, O.; Lauzier, F.; HEMOTION Trial Investigators; Canadian Critical Care Trials Grp; Canadian Perioperative Anesthesia Clinical Trials Grp; Canadian Traumatic Brain Injury Res Consortium
Academic Journal
Cook D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Deane A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Lauzier F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Zytaruk N; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Guyatt G; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Saunders L; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Hardie M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Heels-Ansdell D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Alhazzani W; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Marshall J; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Muscedere J; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Myburgh J; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; English S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Arabi YM; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Ostermann M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Knowles S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Hammond N; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Byrne KM; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Chapman M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Venkatesh B; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Young P; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Rajbhandari D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Poole A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Al-Fares A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Reis G; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Johnson D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Iqbal M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Hall R; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Meade M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Hand L; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Duan E; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Clarke F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Dionne JC; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Tsang JLY; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Rochwerg B; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Karachi T; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Lamontagne F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; D'Aragon F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; St Arnaud C; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Reeve B; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Geagea A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Niven D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Vazquez-Grande G; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Zarychanski R; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Ovakim D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Wood G; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Burns KEA; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Goffi A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Wilcox ME; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Henderson W; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Forrest D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Fowler R; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Adhikari NKJ; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Ball I; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Mele T; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Binnie A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Trop S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Mehta S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Morgan I; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Loubani O; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Vanstone M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Fiest K; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Charbonney E; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Cavayas YA; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Archambault P; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Rewa OG; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Lau V; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Kristof AS; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Khwaja K; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Williamson D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Kanji S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Sy E; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Dennis B; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Reynolds S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Marquis F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Lellouche F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Rahman A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Hosek P; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Barletta JF; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Cirrone R; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Tutschka M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Xie F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Billot L; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Thabane L; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Finfer S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE
Academic Journal
Loth, E; Spooren, W; Ham, LM; Isaac, MB; Auriche-Benichou, C; Banaschewski, T; Baron-Cohen, S; Broich, K; Bolte, S; Bourgeron, T; Charman, T; Collier, D; de Andres-Trelles, F; Durston, S; Ecker, C; Elferink, A; Haberkamp, M; Hemmings, R; Johnson, MH; Jones, EJH; Khwaja, OS; Lenton, S; Mason, L; Mantua, V; Meyer-Lindenberg, A; Lombardo, MV; O'Dwyer, L; Okamoto, K; Pandina, GJ; Pani, L; Persico, AM; Simonoff, E; Tauscher-Wisniewski, S; Llinares-Garcia, J; Vamvakas, S; Williams, S; Buitelaar, JK; Murphy, DGM
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Khwaja, S.; Hussain, S. I.; Zahid, M.; Aziz, Z.; Akram, A.; Jabeen, U.; Rasheed, A.; Rasheed, S.; Baqa, K.; Basit, A.
Brazilian Journal of Biology. January 2023 83
Academic Journal
Brown, P; Tan, AC; El-Esawi, MA; Liehr, T; Blanck, O; Gladue, DP; Almeida, GMF; Cernava, T; Sorzano, CO; Yeung, AWK; Engel, MS; Chandrasekaran, AR; Muth, T; Staege, MS; Daulatabad, SV; Widera, D; Zhang, JP; Meule, A; Honjo, K; Pourret, O; Yin, CC; Zhang, Z; Cascella, M; Flegel, WA; Goodyear, CS; van Raaij, MJ; Bukowy-Bieryllo, Z; Campana, LG; Kurniawan, NA; Lalaouna, D; Huttner, FJ; Ammerman, BA; Ehret, F; Cobine, PA; Tan, EC; Han, HM; Xia, WF; McCrum, C; Dings, RPM; Marinello, F; Nilsson, H; Nixon, B; Voskarides, K; Yang, L; Costa, VD; Bengtsson-Palme, J; Bradshaw, W; Grimm, DG; Kumar, N; Martis, E; Prieto, D; Sabnis, SC; Amer, SEDR; Liew, AWC; Perco, P; Rahimi, F; Riva, G; Zhang, CX; Devkota, HP; Ogami, K; Basharat, Z; Fierz, W; Siebers, R; Tan, KH; Boehme, KA; Brenneisen, P; Brown, JAL; Dalrymple, BP; Harvey, DJ; Ng, G; Werten, S; Bleackley, M; Dai, ZW; Dhariwal, R; Gelfer, Y; Hartmann, MD; Miotla, P; Tamaian, R; Govender, P; Gurney-Champion, OJ; Kauppila, JH; Zhang, XL; Echeverria, N; Subhash, S; Sallmon, H; Tofani, M; Bae, T; Bosch, O; Cuiv, PO; Danchin, A; Diouf, B; Eerola, T; Evangelou, E; Filipp, FV; Klump, H; Kurgan, L; Smith, SS; Terrier, O; Tuttle, N; Ascher, DB; Janga, SC; Schulte, LN; Becker, D; Browngardt, C; Bush, SJ; Gaullier, G; Ide, K; Meseko, C; Werner, GDA; Zaucha, J; Al-Farha, AA; Greenwald, NF; Popoola, SI; Rahman, MS; Xu, JL; Yang, SY; Hiroi, N; Alper, OM; Baker, CI; Bitzer, M; Chacko, G; Debrabant, B; Dixon, R; Forano, E; Gilliham, M; Kelly, S; Klempnauer, KH; Lidbury, BA; Lin, MZ; Lynch, I; Ma, WJ; Maibach, EW; Mather, DE; Nandakumar, KS; Ohgami, RS; Parchi, P; Tressoldi, P; Xue, Y; Armitage, C; Barraud, P; Chatzitheochari, S; Coelho, LP; Diao, J; Doxey, AC; Gobet, A; Hu, PZ; Kaiser, S; Mitchell, KM; Salama, MF; Shabalin, IG; Song, HJ; Stevanovic, D; Yadollahpour, A; Zeng, EL; Zinke, K; Alimba, CG; Beyene, TJ; Cao, ZH; Chan, SS; Gatchell, M; Kleppe, A; Piotrowski, M; Torga, G; Woldesemayat, AA; Cosacak, MI; Haston, S; Ross, SA; Williams, R; Wong, A; Abramowitz, MK; Effiong, A; Lee, SH; Abid, MB; Agarabi, C; Alaux, C; Albrecht, DR; Atkins, GJ; Beck, CR; Bonvin, AMJJ; Bourke, E; Brand, T; Braun, RJ; Bull, JA; Cardoso, P; Carter, D; Delahay, RM; Ducommun, B; Duijf, PHG; Epp, T; Eskelinen, EL; Fallah, M; Farber, DB; Fernandez-Triana, J; Feyerabend, F; Florio, T; Friebe, M; Furuta, S; Gabrielsen, M; Gruber, J; Grybos, M; Han, Q; Heinrich, M; Helantera, H; Huber, M; Jeltsch, A; Jiang, F; Josse, C; Jurman, G; Kamiya, H; de Keersmaecker, K; Kristiansson, E; Leeuw, FE; Li, J; Liang, S; Lopez-Escamez, JA; Lopez-Ruiz, FJ; Marchbank, KJ; Marschalek, R; Martin, CS; Miele, AE; Montagutelli, X; Morcillo, E; Nicoletti, R; Niehof, M; O'Toole, R; Ohtomo, T; Oster, H; Palma, JA; Paterson, R; Peifer, M; Portilla, M; Portillo, MC; Pritchard, AL; Pusch, S; Raghava, GPS; Roberts, NJ; Ross, K; Schuele, B; Sergeant, K; Shen, J; Stella, A; Sukocheva, O; Uversky, VN; Vanneste, S; Villet, MH; Viveiros, M; Vorholt, JA; Weinstock, C; Yamato, M; Zabetakis, I; Zhao, X; Ziegler, A; Aizat, WM; Atlas, L; Bridges, KM; Chakraborty, S; Deschodt, M; Domingues, HS; Esfahlani, SS; Falk, S; Guisado, JL; Kane, NC; Kueberuwa, G; Lau, CL; Liang, D; Liu, E; Luu, AM; Ma, C; Ma, LS; Moyer, R; Norris, AD; Panthee, S; Parsons, JR; Peng, Y; Pinto, IM; Reschke, CR; Sillanpaa, E; Stewart, CJ; Uhle, F; Yang, H; Zhou, K; Zhu, S; Ashry, M; Bergsland, N; Berthold, M; Chen, CE; Colella, V; Cuypers, M; Eskew, EA; Fan, X; Gajda, M; Gonzalezlez-Prendes, R; Goodin, A; Graham, EB; Groen, EJN; Gutierrez-Sacristan, A; Habes, M; Heffler, E; Higginbottom, DB; Janzen, T; Jayaraman, J; Jibb, LA; Jongen, S; Kinyanjui, T; Koleva-Kolarova, RG; Li, Z; Liu, YP; Lund, BA; Lussier, AA; Ma, L; Mier, P; Moore, MD; Nagler, K; Orme, MW; Pearson, JA; Prajapati, AS; Saito, Y; Troder, SE; Uchendu, F; Verloh, N; Voutchkova, DD; Abu-Zaid, A; Bakkach, J; Baumert, P; Dono, M; Hanson, J; Herbelet, S; Hobbs, E; Kulkarni, A; Liu, SQ; Loft, ND; Reddan, T; Senghore, T; Vindin, H; Xu, HT; Bannon, R; Chen, B; Cheung, JTK; 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Williams, BA; Workman, AD; Xiang, TX; Xie, LX; Xu, TS; Yang, CJ; Yoon, JG; Yuan, CM; Zaritsky, A; Zhao, HC; Zuckerman, HN; Lyu, R; Pullan, W; Zhou, YQ
Database : the journal of biological databases and curation. 2019
Academic Journal
Kamran, Muhammad (PAK-UTHAL-M) AMS Author Profile; Farman, Muhammad (PAK-KFUEIT-IM) AMS Author Profile; Ozon Yildirim, Seyma (TR-ULD) AMS Author Profile; Delen, Sadik (TR-ULD) AMS Author Profile; Cangul, Ismail Naci (TR-ULD) AMS Author Profile; Akram, Maria (PAK-KFUEIT-IM) AMS Author Profile; Pandit, M. K. (BNG-JAHA) AMS Author Profile
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