부산대학교 도서관

Kouomogne, Boris Arnaud Nteungue ; Tania, Bissouma-Ledjou ; Ndongo, Chanceline Bilounga ; Noulala, Alvine Choula ; Ntembwa, Hyppolite Kalambay ; Kariyo, Pierre Claver ; Pouth, Baonga Ba ; Epée, Douba ; Joss, Bitang Louis ; Nteungue, Bertolt Brecht Kouam ; Ndougou, Dieudonnée Reine ; Trufosa, Mochache ; Tumusiime, Simon ; Myriam, Ambomo Sylvie ; King, Lauren Lai ; Alenyo, Annet Ngabirano ; Naidoo, Antoinette ; Esso, Linda Endale ; Boum, Yap ; Phanuel, Habimana ; Mballa, Georges Alain Etoundi ; Wallis, Lee

In African Journal of Emergency Medicine December 2025 15(4)

Pan H.; Peto R.; Karim Q. A.; Alejandria M. M.; Henao-Restrepo A. -M.; Hernandez-Garcia C.; Kieny M. -P.; Malekzadeh R.; Murthy S.; Preziosi M. -P.; Reddy K. S.; Periago M. R.; Sathiyamoorthy V.; Rottingen J. -A.; Swaminathan S.; Ryan M.; Maggioni A.; Babiker A.; Cook D.; Dondorp A.; Kang G.; Trelle S.; McGinty S.; Branca M.; Appadoo S.; Sauermann M.; Sterne J. A. C.; Rogers C. A.; Cappel-Porter H.; Hutton D.; Bellani S.; Allum E.; Kirwan J.; Benassi V.; Lydon P.; Miranda-Montoya M. C.; Salami K.; Como N.; Sinani N.; Lopardo G.; Nunes E. P.; Reges P. P. S.; Salvadori M.; Alvarez-Moreno C. A.; Rubio M. L. M.; Hassany M.; Zaid H.; Teferi M.; Bayih A. G.; Tikkinen K. A. O.; Perola M.; Ader F.; Tsertsvadze T.; Abutidze A.; Gabunia T.; Medina M. T.; Cerrato N.; Bhargava B.; Godbole S.; Irmansyah I.; Rasmin M.; Eustace J.; Lennon P.; Tacconelli E.; Magrini N.; Alhasawi A.; Al-Bader A.; Hanna P. A.; Hamra R.; Jancoriene L.; Griskevicius L.; Chow T. S.; Kumar S.; Sow S.; Haidara F. 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B.; Pallavicini C.; Riveros F.; Torales G.; Altamirano M.; Barcelona L.; Berdinas V.; Fogar C.; Martin A.; Avila R.; Burgui J.; Carrizo J.; Filippi M.; Gomez M. G.; Reichert V.; Alvarez M.; Cazaux A.; Diaz M.; Hurtado M.; Marianelli L.; Orellano L.; Lavera L.; Salvay C.; Simonetta M.; Egle A.; Greil R.; Joannidis M.; Altdorfer A.; Fraipont V.; Belkhir L.; Hites M.; Miranda Filho B.; Monteiro P.; Nunes C. X.; Duani H.; Breda G. L.; Raboni S. M.; Colussi A. J. S.; Ramos M. C.; Ruffing L. F.; Joao E. C.; Croda J. H.; Pinto G. A.; Arruda E. A. G.; Medeiro M.; Corradi M.; Machado E. S.; Mello F. C. Q.; Pereira L. C.; Souza T. N. L.; Santos V. G. V.; Schwarzbold A.; Martin-Carrier F.; Durand M.; Kolan C.; Lamontagne F.; Bellemare D.; Cloutier E.; Vi Tran T.; Turgeon A.; Hoang H.; Cavayas Y. A.; Chagnon N.; Douglas J.; Fera E.; Cheng M. P.; Costiniuk C.; Fontela P.; Harrison L.; Khwaja K.; Klein M.; Kronfli N.; Lee T. 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T.; Venkatasubramanian R.; Krishnan J.; Rabindrarajan E.; Seetharaman K.; Dorairajan S. K.; Tejomurtula T.; Bhati G.; Marwah V.; Peter D.; Borse R.; Daswani B.; Divhare S.; Ogale D.; Sangale S.; Tambe M.; Waghmare R.; Desai C.; Devang R.; Upadhyay K.; Agrawal N.; Iyer S.; Reddy K.; Rege S.; Shah J.; Bhadade R.; de Souza R.; Harde M.; Goenka A.; Mangalgiri A.; Parate R.; Singh K.; Abraham O. C.; Balachandran A.; Sudarsanam T. D.; Aedula V. S.; Bingi T. C.; Jamalapuram V.; Kalakuntla H.; Maurya A.; Mesipogu R.; Nagmani K.; Malini K. P.; Rao T.; Sudarsi R. K.; Suleman D.; Mehta K.; Patel P.; Rathod C.; Acharya C.; Bhatt K.; Chaudhari M.; Chaudhary V.; Divakar B.; Gamit A.; Gamit S.; Kantharia B.; Kavishvar A.; Momin M.; Patel C.; Patel V.; Patel S.; Patel H.; Vasava A.; Verma M.; Khandare S.; Chand D.; Kalikar M.; Mitra S.; Narlawar U.; Rao C.; Prasad D.; Seshaiah K. 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Publisher: U.S. Agency for International Development and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101624414 Publication Model: Electronic-Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2169-575X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 2169575X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Glob Health Sci Pract Subsets: MEDLINE

Kalambay J; Medicine, University Setif.; Ghazanfar H; Internal Medicine, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center.; Martes Pena KA; Internal Medicine, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center.; Munshi RA; Internal Medicine, Chittagong Medical College & Hospital.; Zhang G; Internal Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University.; Patel JY; Internal Medicine, Pramukhswami Medical College, Anand,Gujarat.

Publisher: Cureus, Inc Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101596737 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 2168-8184 (Print) Linking ISSN: 21688184 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cureus Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE

CAHN, P; COOPER, DA; TINDALL, B; REIBNEGGER, G; STEINER, B; WACHTER, H; ZANGERLE, R; COLEBUNDERS, R; CORTES, E; CAMERON, DW; GARBER, G; HOWLEYFOSS, N; MONTANER, JSG; SCHECHTER, M; MATHIESEN, L; PINDBORG, JJ; CHARMOT, G; COULAUD, JP; DETRUCHIS, P; FEGUEUX, S; LAFAIX, C; MALKIN, JE; MASLO, C; MATHERON, S; PRAZUCK, T; ROZENBAUM, W; BRODT, H; ALVAREZ, M; CANTALUPPI, P; ESPOSITO, R; LIZIOLI, A; GOTO, H; IKEGAMI, N; OKA, S; SHIMADA, K; SUGIYAMA, K; YOSHIOKA, K; ATTAS, H; MANDALIYA, D; WAWERU, H; MWANSAMBO, P; WIRIMA, J; DELEON, SP; LANGE, JMA; GONZALEZLAHOZ, J; NAJERAMORRNDO, R; LALLINGER, G; MBAGA, I; MWAKYUSA, D; PERENBOOM, R; RICHTER, C; KATABIRA, E; MUBIRU, F; MUGERWA, R; WEBER, J; CASTRO, K; MILLS, J; MOSS, RA; REDFIELD, R; ROYCE, R; SCHREGER, L; WAGNER, K; POKROVSKY, V; YURIN, O; BIANCO, N; DEIBIS, L; PEREZECHEVERRIA, G; ALMAVIVA, M; CERAVOLO, C; KALAMBAY, K; KAPITA, B; PICCIONI, I; WELO, K; BURTON, A; CHIN, J; FARLEY, T; HENNESSEY, K; KRISTOFFERSSON, SP; MAJ, M; MANN, J; OSMANOV, S; VONSONNENBURG, F; TAMASHIRO, H

AIDS; MAY 1993, 7 5, p711-p718, 8p.

Palich R; Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.; Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Paris, France.; Arias-Rodríguez A; Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Paris, France.; Duracinsky M; Paris Cité University, Patient-Reported Outcomes Unit (PROQOL), INSERM 1123, Paris, France.; Le Talec JY; Toulouse Jean Jaurès University, CERTOP, CNRS UMR 5044, Toulouse, France.; Rousset Torrente O; Paris Cité University, Patient-Reported Outcomes Unit (PROQOL), INSERM 1123, Paris, France.; Lascoux-Combe C; Paris Cité University, Saint Louis hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.; Lacombe K; Sorbonne University, Saint Antoine hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.; Ghosn J; Paris Cité University, Bichat hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.; Viard JP; Paris Cité University, Hôtel-Dieu hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.; Pialoux G; Sorbonne University, Tenon hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.; Ohayon M; Le 190 Sexual Health Centre, Paris, France.; Duvivier C; Paris Cité University, Necker hospital, AP-HP; INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin; IHU Imagine; Institut Pasteur Medical Center, Paris, France.; Velter A; Public Health France (SPF), Paris, France.; Ben Mechlia M; French National Agency for Research on AIDS, Viral Hepatitis and Emerging Infectious Diseases (ANRS-MIE), Paris, France.; Beniguel L; Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Paris, France.; Grabar S; Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Paris, France.; Melchior M; Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Paris, France.; Assoumou L; Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Paris, France.; Supervie V; Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Paris, France.

Publisher: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Country of Publication: Sweden NLM ID: 100887452 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1560-7917 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1025496X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Euro Surveill Subsets: MEDLINE

Pan H; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Peto R; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Henao-Restrepo AM; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Preziosi MP; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Sathiyamoorthy V; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Abdool Karim Q; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Alejandria MM; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Hernández García C; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Kieny MP; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Malekzadeh R; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Murthy S; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Reddy KS; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Roses Periago M; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Abi Hanna P; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Ader F; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Al-Bader AM; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Alhasawi A; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Allum E; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Alotaibi A; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Alvarez-Moreno CA; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Appadoo S; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Asiri A; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Aukrust P; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Barratt-Due A; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Bellani S; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Branca M; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Cappel-Porter HBC; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Cerrato N; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Chow TS; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Como N; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Eustace J; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; García PJ; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Godbole S; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Gotuzzo E; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Griskevicius L; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Hamra R; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Hassan M; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Hassany M; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Hutton D; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Irmansyah I; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Jancoriene L; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Kirwan J; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Kumar S; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Lennon P; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Lopardo G; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Lydon P; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Magrini N; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Maguire T; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Manevska S; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Manuel O; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; McGinty S; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Medina MT; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Mesa Rubio ML; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Miranda-Montoya MC; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Nel J; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Nunes EP; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Perola M; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Portolés A; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Rasmin MR; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Raza A; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Rees H; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Reges PPS; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Rogers CA; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Salami K; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Salvadori MI; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Sinani N; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Sterne JAC; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Stevanovikj M; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Tacconelli E; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Tikkinen KAO; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Trelle S; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Zaid H; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Røttingen JA; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.; Swaminathan S; The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Hall N; Public Health Center, CH Quimper, Quimper, France.; Allavena C; Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU Nantes, INSERM UIC 1413, CHU Nantes, Hôtel-Dieu University Hospital, 1 Place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44000, Nantes, France.; Katlama C; Department of Infectious Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France.; Jobert A; Sponsor Department, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.; Molina JM; Department of Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR 941, Paris, France.; Cua E; Department of Infectious Diseases, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier de Nice, Nice, France.; Bani-Sadr F; Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, and Clinical Immunology, Reims Teaching Hospitals, University of Reims, Reims, France.; Hocqueloux L; Department of Infectious Diseases, CHR d'Orléans, Orléans, France.; Duvivier C; AP-HP-Necker Hospital, Infectious Diseases Department, Necker-Pasteur Infectiology Centre, Paris, France.; Merrien D; Department of Infectious Diseases, CHD Vendee, La Roche sur yon, France.; Hikombo H; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Le Mans General Hospital, Le Mans, France.; André-Garnier E; Virology Laboratory CHU Hôtel Dieu and INSERM CIC 1413 Nantes University, Nantes, France.; Gaultier A; Department of Biostatistics, CHU de Nantes, Direction de la recherche, Nantes, France.; Raffi F; Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU Nantes, INSERM UIC 1413, CHU Nantes, Hôtel-Dieu University Hospital, 1 Place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44000, Nantes, France. francois.raffi@wanadoo.fr.

Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101237921 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1742-6405 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 17426405 NLM ISO Abbreviation: AIDS Res Ther Subsets: MEDLINE

Kutela, B.; Novat, N.; Shita, H.; Novat, N.; Kalambay, P.; Das, S.

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Kakanda, K.; Zhu, H.; Han, Z.; Bao, Y.; Zhang, M.; Zhou, D.; Herman, M.; Kalambay, P.

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Mokoli, Vieux Momeme; Sumaili, Ernest Kiswaya; Lepira, François Bompeka; Mbutiwi, Fiston Ikwa Ndol; Makulo, Jean Robert Rissassy; Bukabau, Justine Busanga; Izeidi, Patrick Parmba; Luse, Jeannine Losa; Mukendi, Stéphane Kalambay; Mashinda, Désiré Kulimba; Nseka, Nazaire Mangani

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