부산대학교 도서관

Jens D. Lundgren; Birgit Grund; Christina E. Barkauskas; Thomas L. Holland; Robert L. Gottlieb; Uriel Sandkovsky; Samuel M. Brown; Kirk U. Knowlton; Wesley H. Self; D. Clark Files; Mamta K. Jain; Thomas Benfield; Michael E. Bowdish; Bradley G. Leshnower; Jason V. Baker; Jens-Ulrik Jensen; Edward M. Gardner; Adit A. Ginde; Estelle S. Harris; Isik S. Johansen; Norman Markowitz; Michael A. Matthay; Lars Østergaard; Christina C. Chang; Anna L. Goodman; Weizhong Chang; Robin L. Dewar; Norman P. Gerry; Elizabeth S. Higgs; Helene Highbarger; Daniel D. Murray; Thomas A. Murray; Ven Natarajan; Roger Paredes; Mahesh K.B. Parmar; Andrew N. Phillips; Cavan Reilly; Adam W. Rupert; Shweta Sharma; Kathryn Shaw-Saliba; Brad T. Sherman; Marc Teitelbaum; Deborah Wentworth; Huyen Cao; Paul Klekotka; Abdel G. Babiker; Victoria J. Davey; Annetine C. Gelijns; Virginia L. Kan; Mark N. Polizzotto; B. Taylor Thompson; H. Clifford Lane; James D. Neaton; John Tierney; Kevin Barrett; Betsey R. Herpin; Mary C. Smolskis; Susan E. Vogel; Laura A. McNay; Kelly Cahill; Page Crew; Matthew Kirchoff; Ratna Sardana; Sharon Segal Raim; Stacey J. Adam; Sarah Read; Eric Hughes; Rachel H. Harrigan; R. Baseler; Marc J. Teitelbaum; Shelly M. Simpson; Molly J. Buehn; David Vallée; Vanessa Eccard-Koons; Stacey Kopka; Theresa M. Engel; Cynthia Osborne; Leah Giambarresi MacDonald; Liam M. Harmon; Denise M. Shelley; Mi Ha Kim; Joy Beeler-Knights; Lindsey Yeon; Michael Baseler; Perrine Lallemand; Tauseef Rehman; Danielle Lynam; Gregg Mendez; Tom Imamichi; Sylvain Laverdure; Sharada Paudel; Kyndal Cook; Shawn Brown; Ayub Khan; Allison Hazen; Yunden Badralmaa; Laura Amos; Anita Carter; Gary Collins; Bionca Davis; Eileen Denning; Alain DuChene; Nicole Engen; Greg Grandits; Merrie Harrison; Nancy Hurlbut; Joseph Koopmeiners; Gregg Larson; Sue Meger; Shweta Sharma Mistry; Thomas Murray; Ray Nelson; Kien Quan; Siu Fun Quan; Greg Thompson; David Vock; Alan J. Moskowitz; Emilia Bagiella; Ellen Moquete; Karen O’Sullivan; Evan Accardi; Emily Kinzel; Gabriela Bedoya; Lopa Gupta; Jessica R. Overbey; Maria L. Padillia; Milerva Santos; Marissa A. Miller; Wendy C. Taddei-Peters; Kathleen Fenton; Peter K. Smith; Andrew M. Vekstein; Emily R. Ko; Tatyana Der; John Franzone; Noel Ivey; Kathleen Lane; Andrew Bouffler; Lauren M. McGowan; Ben Stallings; Jennifer Stout; Whitney Franz; Beth McLendon-Arvik; Beth A. Hollister; Dana M. Giangiacomo; Michael Mack; Mezgebe Berhe; Clinton Haley; Emma Dishner; Christopher Bettacchi; Kevin Golden; Erin Duhaime; Cedric Spak; Sarah Burris; Felecia Jones; Samantha Villa; Samantha Wang; Raven Robert; Tanquinisha Coleman; Laura Clariday; Rebecca Baker; Mariana Hurutado; Nazia Iram; Michelle Fresnedo; Allyson Davis; Kiara Leonard; Noelia Ramierez; Jon Thammavong; Krizia Duque; Emma Turner; Aaron Killian; Adriana Palacious; Edilia Solis; Janet Jerrow; Matthew Watts; Heather Whitacre; Elizabeth Cothran; Zea Borok; Noah Wald-Dickler; Douglass Hutcheon; Amytis Towfighi; May Lee; Meghan R. Lewis; Brad Spellberg; Linda Sher; Aniket Sharma; Anna P. Olds; Chris Justino; Edward Lozano; Chris Romero; Janet Leong; Valentina Rodina; Christine Quesada; Luke Hamilton; Jose Escobar; Brad Leshnower; William Bender; Milad Sharifpour; Jeffrey Miller; Kim T. Baio; Mary K. McBride; Michele Fielding; Sonya Mathewson; Kristina Porte; Missy Maton; Chari Ponder; Elizabeth Haley; Christine Spainhour; Susan Rogers; Derrick Tyler; Jeffrey M. Sturek; Andrew Barros; Kyle B. Enfield; China J. Green; Rachel M. Simon; Kara Thornton; Patrick E. Parrino; Stephen Spindel; Aditya Bansal; Katherine Baumgarten; Jonathan Hand; Derek Vonderhaar; Bobby Nossaman; Sylvia Laudun; DeAnna Ames; Geralyn Isaac; Huan Dinh; Yiling Zheng; Hunter McDaniel; Nicolle Crovetto; Abby Richardson; Vinay Badhwar; J. Awori Hayanga; Sunil Sharma; Brian Peppers; Paul McCarthy; Troy Krupica; Arif Sarwari; Rebecca Reece; Lisa Fornaresio; Chad Glaze; Raquel Evans; Fang Di; Shawn Carlson; Tanja Aucremanne; Connie Tennant; Lisa Giblin Sutton; Sabrina Buterbaugh; Roger Williams; Robin Bunner; Ronson J. Madathil; Joseph Rabin; Andrea Levine; Kapil Saharia; Ali Tabatabai; Christine Lau; James S. Gammie; Maya-Loren Peguero; Kimberly McKernan; Matthew Audette; Emily Fleischmann; Kreshta Akbari; Myounghee Lee; Andrew Chi; Hanna Salehi; Alan Pariser; Phuong Tran Nyguyen; Jessica Moore; Adrienne Gee; Shelika Vincent; Richard A. Zuckerman; Alexander Iribarne; Sara Metzler; Samantha Shipman; Taylor Caccia; Haley Johnson; Crystallee Newton; Doug Parr; Vicente Rodriguez; Gordon Bokhart; Sharon M. Eichman; Crystal North; Cathryn Oldmixon; Nancy Ringwood; Laura Fitzgerald; Ariela Muzikansky; Richard Morse; Roy G. Brower; Lora A. Reineck; Neil R. Aggarwal; Peter Hou; Jay S. Steingrub; Mark A. Tidswell; Lori-Ann Kozikowski; Cynthia Kardos; Leslie De Souza; Daniel Talmor; Nathan Shapiro; Alan E. Jones; James Galbraith; Utsav Nandi; Rebekah Peacock; Michael R. Filbin; Kathryn Hibbert; Blair Alden Parry; Justin D. Margolin; Kelsey Brait; Gregory Hendey; Kirsten N. Kangelaris; Kimberly J. Yee; Alejandra E. Jauregui; Hanjing Zhuo; Eyad Almasri; Alyssa R. Hughes; Rebekah L. Garcia; Kinsley A. Hubel; Angela J. Rogers; Jennifer G. Wilson; Rosemary Vojnik; Jonasel Roque; Henry Wang; Ryan M. Huebinger; Bela Patel; Elizabeth Vidales; Amiran Baduashvili; Lakshmi Chauhan; David J. Douin; Lani L. Finck; Carrie Higgins; Michelle Howell; Jeffrey McKeehan; Marc Moss; James H. Finigan; William Janssen; Peter Stubenrauch; Christine Griesmer; Robert C. Hyzy; Pauline K. Park; Kristine Nelson; Kelli McDonough; Jake I. McSparron; Ivan N. Co; Bonnie R. Wang; Shijing Jia; Barbara Sullins; Sinan Hanna; Norman Olbrich; Lynne D. Richardson; Michelle N. Gong; Rahul Nair; Jarrod M. Mosier; Cameron Hypes; Elizabeth Salvagio Campbell; Billie Bixby; Christian Bime; Sairam Parthasarathy; R. Duncan Hite; Thomas E. Terndrup; Herbert P. Wiedemann; Abhijit Duggal; Siddharth Dugar; Debasis Sahoo; Kiran Ashok; Alexander H. King; Omar Mehkri; Nicholas J. Johnson; Bryce H. Robinson; Stephanie J. Gundel; Sarah C. Katsandres; Catherine L. Hough; Akram Khan; Olivia F. Krol; Mistry Kinjal; Milad K. Jouzestani; Peter Chen; Sam S. Torbati; Yuri Matusov; June Choe; Niree A. Hindoyan; Susan E. Jackman; Emad Bayoumi; Timothy Wynter; Antonina Caudill; Ethan Pascual; Gregg J. Clapham; Lisa Herrera; Chadwick Miller; Keven W. Gibbs; Lori S. Flores; Mary E. LaRose; Leigha D. Landreth; Peter E. Morris; Jamie L. Sturgill; Evan P. Cassity; Sanjay Dhar; Ashley A. Montgomery-Yates; Sara N. Pasha; Kirby P. Mayer; Marjolein de Wit; Jessica Mason; Joseph Bledsoe; Michael Lanspa; Lindsey Leither; Ithan Pelton; Brent P. Armbruster; Quinn Montgomery; Darrin Applegate; Naresh Kumar; Melissa Fergus; Katie Brown; Mardee Merrill; Erna Serezlic; Ghazal Palmer; Brandon Webb; Valerie T. Aston; Elizabeth A. Middleton; Macy A.G. Barrios; Jorden Greer; Amber D. Schmidt; Melissa K. Webb; Robert Paine; Sean J. Callahan; Todd W. Rice; Jonathan D. Casey; Jakea Johnson; Christopher Gray; Margaret Hays; Megan Roth; Adriana Sánchez; Laura Popielski; Heather Rivasplata; Melissa Turner; Michael J. Vjecha; Amy Weintrob; Tianna Petersen; Claudia Sanchez Lucas; Alexis Avery; Laura Hansen; Natalie DellaValle; Khanh-Hau Moss; Jonathan Klaphake; Shari Mackedanz; Rachael Goldsmith; Hodan Jibrell; Erika Pastor; Mayur Ramesh; Indira Brar; Emanuel Rivers; Edward Gardner; James Scott; David Wyles; Ivor Douglas; Jason Haukoos; Mitch Cohen; Kevin Kamis; Caitlin Robinson; Princy Kumar; Maximilian Menna; Kousick Biswas; Cristin Harrington; Barbara W. Trautner; Lavannya Pandit; Laura Dillon; Casey Hines-Munson; Biju Johnson; Marilyn Joseph; John Van; Yiqun Wang; Paola Lichtenberger; Gio Baracco; Carol Ramos; Lauren Bjork; Melyssa Sueiro; Phyllis Tien; Heather Freasier; Theresa Buck; Hafida Nekach; Dorthe Raben; Lars Peters; Bitten Aagaard; Charlotte B. Nielsen; Katharina Krapp; Bente Rosdahl Nykjær; Katja Lisa Kanne; Anne Louise Grevsen; Zillah Maria Joensen; Tina Bruun; Clara Lundetoft Clausen; Nichlas Hovmand; Simone Bastrup Israelsen; Louise Krohn-Dehli; Cæcilie Leding; Dorthe Pedersen; Karen Brorup Pedersen; Louise Thorlacius-Ussing; Michaela Tinggaard; Sandra Tingsgård; Signe Villadsen; Jens-Ulrik Stæhr Jensen; Dorthe S. Høgsberg; Christian P. Rønn; Ema Rastoder; Christian Søborg; Christina Bergsøe; Nuria M.S. Hissabu; Bodil C. Arp; Nina Breinholt Stærke; Andreas Arnholdt Pedersen; Inge K. Holden; Marie Helleberg; Jan Gerstoft; Tomas O. Jensen; Birgitte Lindegaard; Birgit Thorup Røge; Henrik Nielsen; Anna Chamorro; Ariadna Figuerola; Maria Exposito; Lourdes Mateu; Ana Martínez; Adrian Siles; Eduardo Fernández-Cruz; Javier Carbone; Paco López; José Muñoz; Daniel Camprubí; Almudena Legarda; Jose R. Arribas; Alberto Borobia; Marta Mora-Rillo; Irene García García; Vicente Estrada; Noemi Cabello; Maria Jose Nuñez; Juan P. Horcajada; Elena Sendra; Joan Gómez-Junyent; Mark Polizzotto; Gesalit Cabrera; Catherine Carey; Sally Hough; Sophie Virachit; Amy Zhong; Barnaby E. Young; Po Ying Chia; Tau Hong Lee; Ray J. Lin; David Lye; Sean Ong; Ser Hon Puah; Tsin Wen Yeo; Shiau Hui Diong; Juwinda Ongko; Sarah L. Pett; Fleur Hudson; Jonathan Badrock; Adam Gregory; Giota Touloumi; Vicky Gioukari; Joseph Lutaakome; Cissy M. Kityo; Francis Kiweewa; Karen Price; Ajay Nirula; Anu Osinusi; Amanda Kubernac; Bhakti Patel; Kenneth Smith; Robert Kubernac; Marie L. Hoover; Craig Brown; Nadine DuChateau; Adam Flosi; Les Johnson; Amy Treagus; Christine Wenner

Annals of Internal Medicine
r-IGTP. Repositorio Institucional de Producción Científica del Instituto de Investigación Germans Trias i Pujol
Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP)
instname
ACTIV-3/TICO Bamlanivimab Study Group & Nielsen, H 2022, 'Responses to a Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody for Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 According to Baseline Antibody and Antigen Levels : A Randomized Controlled Trial', Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 175, no. 2, pp. 234–243. https://doi.org/10.7326/M21-3507
ACTIV-3/TICO Bamlanivimab Study Group* & Johansen, I S 2022, ' Responses to a Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody for Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 According to Baseline Antibody and Antigen Levels : A Randomized Controlled Trial ', Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 175, no. 2, pp. 234-243 . https://doi.org/10.7326/M21-3507
ACTIV-3/TICO Bamlanivimab Study Group & Østergaard, L J 2022, 'Responses to a Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody for Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 According to Baseline Antibody and Antigen Levels : A Randomized Controlled Trial', Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 175, no. 2, pp. 234-243. https://doi.org/10.7326/M21-3507

TRIPPODO, NICK C.; JANUSZEWICZ, ANDRZEJ; PEGRAM, BARBARA L.; COLE, FRANCIS E.; KOHASHI, NORIYUKI; KARDO, MERRILL B.; MACPHEE, ALLAN A.; FROHLICH, EDWARD D.; Trippodo, N C; Januszewicz, A; Pegram, B L; Cole, F E; Kohashi, N; Kardon, M B; MacPhee, A A; Frohlich, E D

Hypertension (0194911X); Nov/Dec1985, Vol. 7 Issue 6, p905-912, 8p

Lundgren JD; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Grund B; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Barkauskas CE; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Holland TL; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Gottlieb RL; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Sandkovsky U; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Brown SM; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Knowlton KU; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Self WH; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Files DC; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Jain MK; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Benfield T; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Bowdish ME; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Leshnower BG; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Baker JV; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Jensen JU; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Gardner EM; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Ginde AA; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Harris ES; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Johansen IS; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Markowitz N; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Matthay MA; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Østergaard L; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Chang CC; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Davey VJ; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Goodman A; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Higgs ES; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Murray DD; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Murray TA; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Paredes R; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Parmar MKB; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Phillips AN; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Reilly C; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Sharma S; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Dewar RL; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Teitelbaum M; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Wentworth D; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Cao H; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Klekotka P; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Babiker AG; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Gelijns AC; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Kan VL; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Polizzotto MN; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Thompson BT; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Lane HC; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).; Neaton JD; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Horn L; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Mansfield AS; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Szczęsna A; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Havel L; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Krzakowski M; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Hochmair MJ; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Huemer F; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Losonczy G; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Johnson ML; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Nishio M; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Reck M; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Mok T; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Lam S; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Shames DS; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Liu J; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Ding B; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Lopez-Chavez A; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Kabbinavar F; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Lin W; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Sandler A; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).; Liu SV; From Vanderbilt University Medical Center (L. Horn) and Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology (M.L.J.), Nashville; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.S.M.); Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock (A. Szczęsna), and Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie, Warsaw (M.K.) - both in Poland; Thomayerova Nemocnice, Pneumologická Klinika 1.LF UK, Prague, Czech Republic (L. Havel); the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (M.J.H.) and the 2nd Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (F.H.), Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology-Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Baumgartner Höhe, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna; Semmelweis Egyetem ÁOK, Pulmonológiai Klinika, Budapest, Hungary (G.L.); the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo (M.N.); LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany (M.R.); State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (T.M.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Shanghai (J.L.) - both in China; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (S.L., D.S.S., B.D., A.L.-C., F.K., W.L., A. Sandler); and Georgetown University, Washington DC (S.V.L.).

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Ginde AA; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Brower RG; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Caterino JM; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Finck L; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Banner-Goodspeed VM; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Grissom CK; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Hayden D; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Hough CL; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Hyzy RC; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Khan A; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Levitt JE; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Park PK; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Ringwood N; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Rivers EP; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Self WH; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Shapiro NI; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Thompson BT; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Yealy DM; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).; Talmor D; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G., L.F.); the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (J.M.C.); the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (V.M.B.-G., D.T.) and Emergency Medicine (N.I.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Biostatistics Center (D.H.) and the Department of Medicine (N.R., B.T.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (C.L.H.); the Departments of Medicine (R.C.H.) and Surgery (P.K.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (E.P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); the Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.E.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.M.Y.).

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Moss M; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Huang DT; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Brower RG; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Ferguson ND; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Ginde AA; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Gong MN; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Grissom CK; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Gundel S; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Hayden D; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Hite RD; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Hou PC; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Hough CL; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Iwashyna TJ; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Khan A; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Liu KD; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Talmor D; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Thompson BT; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Ulysse CA; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Yealy DM; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).; Angus DC; The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Departments of Medicine (M.M.) and Emergency Medicine (A.A.G.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.T.H., D.C.A.) and Emergency Medicine (D.M.Y.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (R.G.B.); the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto (N.D.F.); the Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, New York (M.N.G.); the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.K.G.); the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., C.L.H.); the Biostatistics Center (D.H.), the Department of Medicine (B.T.T.), and the PETAL Network Clinical Coordinating Center (C.A.U.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.C.H.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.T.) - all in Boston; the Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (R.D.H.); the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Research, Ann Arbor (T.J.I.); the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.).

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE