학술논문

발행년
-
(예 : 2010-2015)
'학술논문' 에서 검색결과 52건 | 목록 1~10
Academic Journal
Knight, S.R.Shaw, C.A.Pius, R.Drake, T.M.Norman, L.Ademuyiwa, A.O.Adisa, A.O.Aguilera, M.L.Al-Saqqa, S.W.Al-Slaibi, I.Bhangu, A.Biccard, B.M.Brocklehurst, P.Costas-Chavarri, A.Chu, K.Dare, A.Elhadi, M.Fairfield, C.J.Fitzgerald, J.E.Ghosh, D.Glasbey, J.van Berge Henegouwen, M.I.Ingabire, J.C.A.Kingham, T.P.Lapitan, M.C.Lawani, I.Lieske, B.Lilford, R.Martin, J.McLean, K.A.Moore, R.Morton, D.Nepogodiev, D.Ntirenganya, F.Pata, F.Pinkney, T.Qureshi, A.U.Ramos-De la Medina, A.Riad, A.Salem, H.K.Simões, J.Spence, R.Smart, N.Tabiri, S.Thomas, H.Weiser, T.G.West, M.Whitaker, J.Harrison, E.M.Gjata, A.Modolo, M.M.King, S.Chan, E.Nahar, S.N.Waterman, A.Vervoort, D.Bedada, A.G.De Azevedo, B.Figueiredo, A.G.Sokolov, M.Barendegere, V.Ekwen, G.Agarwal, A.Liu, Q.Camilo Correa, J.Malemo, K.L.Bake, J.Mihanovic, J.Kunčarová, K.Orhalmi, J.Salem, H.Teras, J.Kechagias, A.Arnaud, A.P.Lindert, J.Kalles, V.Aguilera-Arevalo, M.-L.Recinos, G.Baranyai, Z.Kumar, B.Neelamraju Lakshmi, H.Zachariah, S.K.Alexander, P.Kumar Venkatappa, S.Pramesh, C.Amandito, R.Fleming, C.Ansaloni, L.Pellino, G.Altibi, A.M.Nour, I.Hamdun, I.Ghellai, A.M.Venskutonis, D.Poskus, T.Zilinskas, J.Malemia, P.Tew, Y.Y.Borg, E.Ellul, S.Wafqui, F.Z.Borowski, D.W.van Dalen, A.S.Wells, C.Adamou, H.Ademuyiwa, A.Adisa, A.Søreide, K.Al Saqqa, S.Alser, O.Tahboub, H.Segovia Lohse, H.A.Shu Yip, S.Major, P.Sampaio Soares, A.Bratu, M.R.Litvin, A.Vardanyan, A.Allen Ingabire, J.C.Gudal, A.Albati, N.Juloski, J.Rems, M.Rayne, S.Van Straten, S.Moodley, Y.Ortega Vázquez, I.Ruiz-Tovar, J.Senanayake, K.J.Thalgaspitiya, S.P.B.Omer, O.A.Homeida, A.Cengiz, Y.Clerc, D.Alshaar, M.Bouaziz, H.Altinel, Y.Doe, M.Freigofer, M.Teasdale, E.Kabariti, R.Clements, J.M.Knight, S.R.Ashfaq, A.Azodo, I.Wagner, G.Trostchansky, I.Maimbo, M.Linyama, D.Nina, H.Zeko, A.Fermani, C.G.Villalobos, S.Carballo, F.Farina, P.Guckenheimer, S.Dickfos, M.Ajmera, A.Chong, C.Gourlay, R.Hussaini, S.Lee, Y.J.Majid, A.Martin, P.Miles, R.Morris, O.J.Phua, J.Ridley, W.Saluja, T.Tan, R.R.Teh, J.Wells, A.Arora, B.Dollie, Q.Ho, D.Ma, Y.Perera, O.M.Truong, A.Dawson, A.C.Lim, B.Pahalawatta, U.Phan, J.Woon-Shoo-Tong, X.-M.S.Yeoh, A.Charman, L.Drane, A.Laura, S.Lo, C.C.W.Mozes, A.Poon, R.Tan, H.H.Wall, E.Chopra, P.De Giovanni, J.Dhital, B.Draganic, B.Duller, A.Gani, J.Goh, Y.K.Jeong, J.Y.McManus, B.Nagappan, P.Pockney, P.Rugendyke, A.Sarrami, M.Smith, S.Wills, V.Wong, H.V.Ye, G.Zhang, G.Brooker, E.Feng, D.Lau, B.Ngai, C.Birks, S.Gyorki, D.Otero de Pablos, J.Abbosh, A.Gillespie, C.Mahmoud, A.Kwan, B.Lawson, J.Warwick, A.Bingham, J.Cockbain, A.J.Dudi-Venkata, N.N.Ellaby-Hall, J.Finlay, B.Humphries, E.Pisaniello, J.Pisaniello, M.Salih, S.Sammour, T.Abd Wahab, H.H.De Silva, A.Hayward, N.Iyer, K.Maddern, G.Prevost, G.A.Annapureddy, N.Settipalli, K.P.Yeo, J.Hempenstall, L.Pham, L.Purcell, S.Talavera, C.Vaska, A.I.Chaggar, G.Chrapko, P.Cocco, A.Coulter-Nile, S.M.C.J.Ctercteko, G.French, J.Gong, H.Gosselink, M.Jegathees, T.Jin, I.Kalachov, M.Kiefhaber, K.Lee, K.Luong, J.Phan, S.Pleass, H.Veale, K.Zeng, Z.Au, A.DeBiasio, A.Deng, I.Myooran, J.Nair, A.Stewart, P.Stift, A.Unger, L.W.Wimmer, K.Ahmed, N.Hasan, S.Rahman, S.O'Shea, M.Padmore, G.Peters, A.Perduca, P.Pulcina, G.Tinton, N.Buxant, F.Dabin, E.Garofalo, G.Dossou, F.Gnangnon, F.H.R.Imorou Souaibou, Y.Motlaleselelo, P.Tlhomelang, O.Lima Buarque, I.Mendonça Ataíde Gomes, G.Vieira Barros, A.Batashki, I.Damianov, N.Stoyanov, V.Dardanov, D.Maslyankov, S.Petkov, P.Todorov, G.Zhivkov, E.Akisheva, A.Castilla Moreno, M.A.Genov, G.Ilieva, I.Ivanov, T.Karamanliev, M.Khan, A.Mitkov, E.Yotsov, T.Atanasov, B.Belev, N.Slavchev, M.Nsengiyumva, C.Jones, E.Stock, S.Kyota, S.Brown, J.Mabanza K., T.Nigo Samuel, L.Otuneme, C.Prosper, N.Umenze, F.Boutros, M.Caminsky, N.Dumitra, S.Garfinkle, R.Morency, D.Salama, E.Banks, A.Ferri, L.He, H.Katz, A.Liberman, A.S.Meterissian, S.Pang, A.Parvez, E.Hameed, U.Osman, F.Sequeira, S.Coburn, N.Jaffer, A.Karanicolas, P.Mosseler, M.Musselman, R.Liu, X.Yip, C.W.Garces-Otero, J.S.Guzman, C.Sierra, S.Uribe Valencia, A.Cabrera Rivera, P.A.Camelo, S.Gonzalez, A.González-Orozco, A.Mosquera Paz, M.S.Perez Rivera, C.J.Gonzalez, F.Isaza-Restrepo, A.Nino- Torres, L.Arias Madrid, N.Mendoza Arango, M.C.Tsandiraki, J.Jemendžić, D.Kocman, B.Šuman, O.Canic, R.Jurišić, D.Karakas, I.Krizanovic Rupcic, A.Pitlovic, V.Samardžić, J.Kopljar, M.Bacic, I.Domini, E.Karlo, R.Miljanić, D.Simic, A.Ahmed, M.Al Nassrallah, M.Altaf, R.Amjad, T.Eltoum, R.Haidar, H.Hassan, A.Khalil, O.Qasem, M.Ramesh, R.Sajith, G.Wisal, M.Žatecký, J.Bujda, M.Jirankova, K.Paclik, A.Abdallah, A.Abdulgawad Almogy, M.Ayman El-sawy, E.ElFayoumy, A.M.Elghareeb, N.Esmat, N.A.Fadel, A.Habater, A.Hamdy, H.Hefni, A.Kamal, M.Mohamed Abobakr, N.Sayed, A.Shaker, N.Taha, E.Tharwat, H.Zakaria, O.Abdelmotaleb, I.Al-Dhufri, A.Al-Himyari, H.S.El sheikh, E.Eldmaty, A.Elkhalawy, A.M.Elkhashen, A.Magdy, K.Mostafa, S.Sadia, H.D.Saleh, M.M.Samir, D.Yahia Mohamed Ali, M.A. Nassar, M.Abdelhady, S.Abdelrazek, A.Abdelsalam, I.El-Sawy, A.Essam, E.Gadelkarim, M.Ghaly, K.Hassabalnaby, M.Masarani, R.Mohamed Shaaban, N.Sabry, A.Salem, M.Soliman, N.A.Zahran, D.Abou El.soud, M.R.Badr, E.T.Borham, H.Elmeslemany, N.Elsayed, M.Elsherif, F.Eslam, S.Gaber, G.Ibrahim, S.Kamh, Y.Mahmoud, A.Mohamed, S.G.Morshedy, E.Omar, C.Salem Soliman, F.Abdelkawy, S.Abdelmohsen, N.Abdelshakour, M.Dahy, A.Gamal, N.Gamal, M.Hasan, A.Hetta, H.Mousa, N.Omar, M.Rabie, S.Saad, M.Saleh, B.Sayed Mohamed, M.Shawqi, M.Abdelhady Mousa, H.Alnoury, M.Elbealawy, M.Elshafey, A.Essam Ibrahim El Desouki Muhammad Ahmed, M.Ghonaim, M.Hgag, F.Ibrahim, M.Morsy, M.Reda Loaloa, M.Refaat, A.Samir, H.Shahien, F.Sobhy, M.Sroor, F.Abdellatif, E.Adel, M.Afifi, A.A.Afifi, E.Antaky, M.Dawoud, A.El Zoghby, N.El-remaily, A.Elzanfaly, A.A.Gadallah, A.Gamal, F.A.Hashem, O.Medhat Youssef, S.Muhammad Attyah, A.Munir, M.Shazly, O.Taha, E.Wilson, K.Adel, S.Ali, A.Eid, E.Elhelow, E.Elmahdy, M.Elshatby, B.Hossam el-din Zakaria, A.Hossny, A.Ibrahim, E.M.Yonis, A.Metwalli, M.Yousry, B.Zid, E.A Yacoub, M.Abdelhakim, A.Abouelsoad, N.Alkhatib, M.Ashraf, A.Ashraf, A.Elazab, Y.Elfanty, M.Elkabir, O.Elsayed, M.Elshimy, A.Elsobky, H.Eskander, J.Gad, A.Hamsho, W.Khaled Abdelwahed, N.Magdy, M.Moharam, D.Osama, A.Ramadan, S.Roum, R.Sayed, T.Shehada, T.Zidan, A.M.Abbas, K.Ali, A.Attia, M.Balata, M.El Nakeeb, A.Elewaily, M.I.E.Elfallal, A.Elfeki, H.Elkhadragy, A.Emile, S.Ezzat, H.Hosni, H.Mansour, I.Omar, W.Othman, G.Sadek, K.Shalaby, M.Shehab-Eldeen, N.Anas khalifa, R.Badr, H.Eldeep, M.Eldeep, A.Eldoseuky mohammed, A.Khallaf, S.Magdy Hegazy, E.Mahmoud, R.Mikhail, P.Morsi, M.Mowafy, S.Raafat, D.Safy, A.Sera, M.Sera, A.S.AbdAllah, M.S.M.Abdelkader, M.Abdou, A.O.Ahmed, A.Gaafar, S.Ibrahim negm, F.Lapic, M.Maher, A.Mahmoud, H.Mostafa, A.Samir, M.Samy, F.Semeda, N.Shalaby, H.I.El-taweel, A.Galal Elnagar, A.Hemidan, A.G.Hussein, M.Kandil, A.A.Moawad, M.Nasser Hamamah, A.A.Soliman, M.Abdelkhalek, M.Abdelmaksoud Tawakel, N.Abdelwahed, A.M.Abdou, A.Atallah, K.Elsherbeny, M.Y.Emara, E.Hamdy, M.Hamdy, O.Haron, A.Ismail, S.Metwally, I.H.Mohamed Hamed Elgaml, N.Nassar, A.Refky, B.Sadek, M.Saleh, M.Yunes, A.Zakaria, M.Zuhdy, M.Fayed, N.Mohammed, M.M.H.Kütner, S.Melnik, P.Seire, I.Ümarik, T.Ainoa, E.Eerola, V.Koppatz, H.Koskenvuo, L.Sallinen, V.Takala, S.Katunin, J.Turunen, A.Christou, N.Mathonnet, M.Lavoue, V.Nyangoh Timoh, K.Soulabaille, L.Lesourd, R.Merdrignac, A.Sulpice, L.André, B.Chantalat, E.Vaysse, C.Dousset, B.Gaujoux, S.Martin, G.Clonda, O.Juodis, D.Kienle, K.Mravik, A.Palmer, S.Szabadhegyi, G.Agbeko, A.E.Gyabaah, S.Gyamfi, F.E.Naabo, N.Owusu senior, A.Yorke, J.Owusu, F.Abantanga, F.Anyomih, T.T.K.Muntaka, A.-J.M.Owusu Abem, E.Sheriff, M.Wondoh, P.M.Balalis, D.Korkolis, D.Gkiokas, G.Pantiora, E.Theodosopoulos, T.Ioannidis, A.Konstantinidis, K.Konstantinidou, S.Machairas, N.Paspala, A.Prodromidou, A.Chouliaras, C.Papadopoulos, K.Baloyiannis, I.Mamaloudis, I.Tzovaras, G.Akrida, I.Argentou, M.-I.Germanos, S.Iliopoulos, E.Maroulis, I.Skroubis, G.Theofanis, G.Chatzakis, C.Ioannidis, O.Loutzidou, L.Karathanasis, P.Michalopoulos, N.Theodoropoulos, C.Theodorou, D.Triantafyllou, T.Garoufalia, Z.Hasemaki, N.Kontos, M.Kouraklis, G.Kykalos, S.Liakakos, T.Mpaili, E.Papalampros, A.Schizas, D.Syllaios, A.Tampaki, E.C.Tsimpoukelis, A.Antonopoulou, M.I.Deskou, E.Manatakis, D.K.Papageorgiou, D.Zoulamoglou, M.Anthoulakis, C.Margaritis, M.Nikoloudis, N.Campo, V.Ceballos, A.Flores, M.-A.Giron, W.Ko, D.Martinez, G.Rivera Lara, V.Rueda, N.Sanchez, A.Tejeda Garrido, J.C.G.Alvarez Rivera, A.E.Bamaca Ixcajoc, E.B.Barreda Zelaya, L.E.Chacòn-Herrera, P.Corea Ruiz, L.M.Echeverria-Davila, G.Garcia, M.García, D.Gutiérrez Mayen, E.F.José, N.Mazariegos, N.Méndez, D.Paniagua Espinoza, M.Bardos, D.Benke, M.Illes, K.Kokas, B.A.Szabó, R.Appukuttan, A.Asok, A.D.k, V.Malik, K.Ravishankaran, P.Tapkire, R.Moorthy, G.Abraham, J.Muthuvel, R.Alapatt, J.Kattepur, A.Pareekutty, N.Garod, M.Harris, C.Wanniang, C.Gupta, A.Nehra, D.Parshad, S.Acharya, R.Badwe, R.Bhandare, M.Jain, U.Kirti, K.Nair, N.Shrikhande, S.Thakkar, P.Anandan, P.C S, A.Holenarasipur Narasannaiah, A.Jagarlamudi, T.M R, R.Manangi, M.Raghavendra, A.Rao, K.S.S, V.Sajjan, V.Shenoy, A.Shivashankar Chikkanayakanahalli, S.Tharanath, K.V, S.Adidharma, P.Agarwal, R.Anggita Gultom, P.Arifin, G.R.Billy, M.Elfizri, Z.Fahira, A.Felicia, D.Gunardi, T.H.Johanna, N.Nugrahadi, N.R.Panigoro, S.S.Rahmayanti, S.Sihotang, R.C.Brata, S.Y.Winoto, H.Barati, N.Karami, M.Khorshidi, H.Naderifar, H.Abdulla, M.A.Coleman, M.Doherty, R.J.Hannon, R.Murphy, B.Stakelum, A.Winter, D.Aljohmani, L.Farnan, R.Seldon, Y.Tan, T.Varghese, S.Alherz, M.Ather, M.Bajilan, M.Graziadei, V.Pilkington, I.Quidwai, O.Ridgway, P.Shiwani, H.Tahir, A.A.-R.Blunnie, E.Burke, D.Kennedy, N.Macdonagh, K.O'Neill, M.Rooney, S.Falco, G.Ferrari, G.Mele, S.Nita, G.E.Ugoletti, L.Zizzo, M.Confalonieri, G.Pesenti, G.Tagliabue, F.Baronio, G.Ongaro, D.Pata, G.Compagnoni, B.Salvadori, R.Taglietti, L.D'Alessandro, N.Di Lascio, P.Pascale, G.Bortolasi, L.Campagnaro, T.Carlini, M.Lisi, G.Lombardi, D.Pedrazzani, C.Spoletini, D.Turri, G.Violi, P.Altomare, D.F.Aquilino, F.Musa, N.Papagni, V.Picciariello, A.Vincenti, L.Andreotti, D.Occhionorelli, S.Tondo, M.Basso, S.M.M.Ubiali, P.Cirelli, R.Maino, M.E.M.Piozzi, G.N.Picone, E.Scaramuzzo, R.Sinibaldi, G.Amendola, A.Anastasio, L.Bucci, L.Caruso, E.Castaldi, A.Di Maso, S.Dinuzzi, V.P.Esposito, G.Gaudiello, M.Giglio, M.C.Greco, P.A.Luglio, G.Manfreda, A.Marra, E.Mastella, F.Pagano, G.Peltrini, R.Pepe, V.Sacco, M.Sollazzo, V.Spiezio, G.Cianchetti, E.Menduni, N.Carvello, M.M.Di Candido, F.Spinelli, A.Corsi, F.Sorrentino, L.Marino, F.Asti, E.L.G.Bonavina, L.Rausa, E.Asta, M.Belli, A.Bianco, F.Cervone, C.Delrio, P.Falato, A.Fares Bucci, A.Guarino, R.Pace, U.Rega, D.De Luca, E.Gallo, G.Sammarco, G.Sena, G.Vescio, G.Santandrea, L.Ugolini, G.Zattoni, D.Chetta, N.Logrieco, G.Vanella, S.Garulli, G.Zanini, N.Bondurri, A.Cammarata, F.Colombo, F.Foschi, D.Lamperti, G.M.B.Maffioli, A.Sampietro, G.M.Yakushkina, A.Zaffaroni, G.Cicuttin, E.Sibilla, M.G.Impellizzeri, H.Inama, M.Moretto, G.Mochet, S.Ponte, E.Usai, A.Mancini, S.Sagnotta, A.Solinas, L.Bolzonaro, E.Tamini, N.Curletti, G.Galleano, R.Malerba, M.Campanella, S.Cocorullo, G.Colli, F.De Marco, P.Falco, N.Fontana, T.Kamdem Mambou, L.J.La Brocca, A.Licari, L.Randisi, B.Rizzo, G.Rotolo, G.Salamone, G.Tutino, R.Venturelli, P.Malabarba, S.Sgrò, A.Vella, I.Cirillo, B.Crocetti, D.De Toma, G.Lapolla, P.Mingoli, A.Sapienza, P.Belvedere, A.Bianchini, S.Binetti, M.Birindelli, A.Tonini, V.Podda, M.Pulighe, F.De Rosa, M.Bono, L.Borghi, F.Geretto, P.Giuffrida, M.C.Lauro, C.Marano, A.Pellegrino, L.Salusso, P.Sasia, D.Campanelli, M.Realis Luc, A.Trompetto, M.Cardia, R.Cillara, N.Giordano, A.N.Costanzo, A.Giovilli, M.A.Turati, L.Canonico, S.Sciaudone, G.Selvaggi, F.Selvaggi, L.Albsoul, N.AlBsoul, A.Alkhatib, A.A.Alsallaq, O.Amarin, J.Z.Ayoub, R.Bsisu, I.El Muhtaseb, M.S.Jabaiti, M.Melhem, J.Qwaider, Y.Z.Salameh, M.H.Suleihat, A.Suradi, 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In: The Lancet Global Health. (The Lancet Global Health, July 2022, 10(7):e1003-e1011)
Academic Journal
Alexandrova O; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France.; Jagarlamudi VK; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France.; LPC2E, CNRS, University of Orléans, 3 Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, F-45071 Orleans Cedex 2, France.; Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy.; Hellinger P; Astronomical Institute, CAS, Bocni II/1401, CZ-14100 Prague, Czech Republic.; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS, Bocni II/1401, CZ-14100 Prague, Czech Republic.; Maksimovic M; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France.; Shprits Y; GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, University of Potsdam, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.; Mangeney A; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France.
Publisher: American Physical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101676019 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2470-0053 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 24700045 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Phys Rev E Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE; MEDLINE
Academic Journal
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Farsi, M.Alsharqawi, N.Acevedo, V.Castillo Barbosa, A.C.Giron, F.Leon Rodriguez, J.P.Kucan, D.Rosko, D.Barsic, N.Župan, D.Hegazi, A.Truncíková, V.Fryba, V.Mohamed, M.Sultan, A.Nagi, A.Rashad Temerik, A.Elshawy, M.E.Mahmoud, M.I.Omar, S.Anwar, M.Rageh, T.Elmokadem, A.Gaballa, K.Teppo, S.Turunen, A.Pengermä, P.Ballouhey, Q.Bergeat, D.Weyl, A.Hain, E.Gyedu, A.Yenli, E.Osei-Poku, D.Rompou, V.-A.Zoikas, A.Gaitanidis, A.Koukis, G.Perivoliotis, K.Tavlas, P.Galanos-Demiris, K.Zografos, G.Karavokyros, I.Xanthopoulou, G.Iordanidou, E.Ayau, F.Garcia, A.Damján, P.Wason, D.B L, A.Rangganata, E.Kamath, P.O'Connor, D.B.Pinto, M.Perrone, F.Tropeano, F.P.Troilo, F.Bossi, D.Scala, D.Pulitanò, L.Carella, M.Pietrabissa, A.Gori, A.Giraudo, G.De Simone, V.Russo, A.A.Braccio, B.Al-Taher, R.Athamneh, S.Parker, A.Sawiee, A.Kattia, A.Salem, M.Tababa, O.Shaeeb, Z.Syminas, V.Jurgaitis, J.Damuleviciene, G.Svagzdys, S.Razafimanjato, N.N.M.Chieng Loo, L.Tiong, I.C.Wan Muhmad, W.F.Vijeyan, H.Li Ying, T.Grech, G.Arrangoiz, R.Jimenez Ley, V.B.Arizpe, D.Lagunes Lara, E.Castro López, E.V.Eaazim, J.Gordinou de Gouberville, M.Bastiaenen, V.Rottier, S.Nahab, F.Ji, M.Y.Seyoji, M.Nwachukwu, C.Emeghara, O.Muhammed, S.E.Idowu, A.Sowemimo, O.Ogundoyin, O.Akande, O.Lott, A.Nadeem, M.Laghari, A.A.Loya, A.Mushtaq, H.Abdullah, M.T.Abuhilal, B.Atawneh, M.Hamdan, H.Alhabil, B.Srour, A.Mousa, I.Da Silva Medina, L.Bartosiak, K.Ferreira, P.Francisco, V.Lemos, R.Frutuoso, L.Fernandes, S.Fonseca, T.Pereira, J.Rachadell, J.Torre, A.Madeira Martins, F.Carvalho, A.C.Rodrigues Ferreira, J.Ribeiro da Silva, B.Devesa, H.Vieira, A.Mónica, I.Amaro, M.Sousa, D.Reia, M.Louro, J.Martins, A.Dominguez, J.Santos, I.Freitas Oliveira, N.M.Pereira, J.C.Silva-Vaz, P.Freire, L.Escrevente, R.Negoita, V.M.Shakhmatov, D.Nezerwa, Y.Radulovic, R.Obery, G.Viljoen, F.Mendes, T.Suarez, A.Moncada, E.Fernandez-Hevia, M.Curtis Martínez, C.Gil Garcia, J.M.González Zunzarren, M.Idris, T.Eklöv, K.Grahn, O.Amin, L.Blomqvist, M.Ajani, C.Kraus, R.Seeger, N.Willemin, M.Rayya, F.Ayash, M.Msouti, R.Kannas, I.Abazid, E.Esper, A.Slim, S.Kavcar, A.S.Aytac, E.Dural, A.C.Ilker, A.Eray, I.C.Kurnaz, E.Altiner, S.Tepe, M.D.Sahin, C.Savli, E.Innocent, A.Babirye, L.Diachenko, A.Hordoskiy, V.Curry, H.Chau, C.Y.C.Robertson, H.Mahmoud, A.Lennon, H.Loi, L.Kirkham, E.McCann, C.Watts, D.Gurung, B.Wilson, M.Tribedi, T.Garofalo, E.Zahra, B.MacDonald, S.Daniels, I.Ng, N.Khosla, S.Olivier, J.Yue, S.Y.P.Suresh, G.Wellington, J.Lorejo, E.Mossaad, M.Crutcher, M.Alimi, M.Baiu, I.Abdou, H.Conway, A.Peck, C.Perdomo Perez, M.A.Zulu, S.Nakazwe, M.
In: The Lancet. (The Lancet, 30 January 2021, 397(10272):387-397)
Academic Journal
Ramabhadra Sarma, I. (6-VJEC-M) AMS Author Profile; Madhusudana Rao, J. (6-NRIIT-M) AMS Author Profile; Prasanna, T. V. N. (6-RVRJC-M) AMS Author Profile; Ramakrishna, A. V. AMS Author Profile
Southeast Asian Bulletin of Mathematics (Southeast Asian Bull. Math.) (20140101), 38, no.~4, 543-554. ISSN: 0129-2021 (print).
Academic Journal
Eastwood G; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Nichol AD; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Hodgson C; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Parke RL; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; McGuinness S; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Nielsen N; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Bernard S; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Skrifvars MB; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Stub D; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Taccone FS; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Archer J; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Kutsogiannis D; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Dankiewicz J; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Lilja G; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Cronberg T; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Kirkegaard H; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Capellier G; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Landoni G; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Horn J; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Olasveengen T; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Arabi Y; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Chia YW; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Markota A; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Hænggi M; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Wise MP; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Grejs AM; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Christensen S; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Munk-Andersen H; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Granfeldt A; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Andersen GØ; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Qvigstad E; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Flaa A; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Thomas M; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Sweet K; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Bewley J; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Bäcklund M; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Tiainen M; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Iten M; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Levis A; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Peck L; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Walsham J; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Deane A; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Ghosh A; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Annoni F; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Chen Y; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Knight D; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Lesona E; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Tlayjeh H; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Svenšek F; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; McGuigan PJ; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Cole J; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Pogson D; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Hilty MP; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Düring JP; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Bailey MJ; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Paul E; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Ady B; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Ainscough K; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Hunt A; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Monahan S; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Trapani T; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Fahey C; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.; Bellomo R; From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE
Academic Journal
Cook D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Deane A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Lauzier F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Zytaruk N; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Guyatt G; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Saunders L; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Hardie M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Heels-Ansdell D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Alhazzani W; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Marshall J; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Muscedere J; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Myburgh J; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; English S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Arabi YM; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Ostermann M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Knowles S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Hammond N; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Byrne KM; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Chapman M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Venkatesh B; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Young P; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Rajbhandari D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Poole A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Al-Fares A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Reis G; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Johnson D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Iqbal M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Hall R; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Meade M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Hand L; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Duan E; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Clarke F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Dionne JC; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Tsang JLY; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Rochwerg B; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Karachi T; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Lamontagne F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; D'Aragon F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; St Arnaud C; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Reeve B; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Geagea A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Niven D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Vazquez-Grande G; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Zarychanski R; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Ovakim D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Wood G; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Burns KEA; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Goffi A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Wilcox ME; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Henderson W; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Forrest D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Fowler R; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Adhikari NKJ; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Ball I; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Mele T; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Binnie A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Trop S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Mehta S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Morgan I; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Loubani O; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Vanstone M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Fiest K; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Charbonney E; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Cavayas YA; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Archambault P; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Rewa OG; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Lau V; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Kristof AS; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Khwaja K; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Williamson D; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Kanji S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Sy E; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Dennis B; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Reynolds S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Marquis F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Lellouche F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Rahman A; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Hosek P; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Barletta JF; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Cirrone R; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Tutschka M; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Xie F; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Billot L; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Thabane L; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).; Finfer S; From From the Departments of Medicine (D.C., G.G., W.A., M.M., E.D., J.C.D., J.L.Y.T., B. Rochwerg, T.K.), Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., N.Z., G.G., D.H.-A., G.R., W.A., M.M., L.H., F.C., J.C.D., B. Rochwerg, F.X., L.T.), and Family Medicine (M.V.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (B.D.), Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (F. Lauzier), St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (D.C., F.C., G.G., L.S., L.T., N.Z.), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (J. Marshall, K.B., A. Goffi, M.E.W., R.F., N.K.J.A., S.M.); Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J. Muscedere), the Department of Medicine, Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (S.E.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (R.H., O.L.), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON (E.D., J.L.Y.T.), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne, F.D., C.S.A.), Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON (B. Reeve), North York General Hospital, Toronto (A. Geagea), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (D.N., K.F.), the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (G.V.-G., R.Z.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (D.O., G.W.), Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (K.B., A. Goffi), Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (W.H.), Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, BC (D.F.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (R.F., N.K.J.A.), Western University, London, ON (I.B., T.M.), William Osler Hospital, Brampton, ON (A.B., S.T.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (S.M.), Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge, ON (I.M.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.C.) and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E.C., Y.A.C.), University of Montreal (D.W.), Montreal, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.A.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., V.L.), Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (A.S.K.), and the Department of Critical Care, McGill University (A.S.K., K.K.), Montreal, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa (S. Kanji), the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, and the Department of Critical Care, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina (E.S.), Royal Columbia Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.R.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal (F.M.), Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (F. Lellouche), the Department of Medicine, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON (A.R.), Grand River Hospital, Kitchener, ON (P.H.), St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto (R.C.), St. John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB (M.T.) - all in Canada; the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (A.D.); the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (M.H., J. Myburgh, S. Knowles, N.H., B.V., D.R., L.B., S.F.) and St. George Hospital (J. Myburgh), Sydney, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC (K.M.B.), and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (M.C., A.P.) - all in Australia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); King's College London (M.O.) and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College (S.F.), London; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (P.Y.); the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Kuwait Extracorporeal Life Support Program, Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait (A.A.-F.); Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.R.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.J.); the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.I.); and Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ (J.F.B.).
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE
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