학술논문


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'학술논문' 에서 검색결과 477건 | 목록 1~20
Academic Journal
Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (1886-1994), 1986 Sep 01. 113(2), 257-272.
Academic Journal
Bulletin (Haldane Society of Socialist Lawyers), 1971 Jul 01. 1(2), 2-7.
Academic Journal
16 Tolley's J. Media L. & Prac. 156 (1995) / Tolley's Journal of Media Law and Practice, Vol. 16, Issue 4 (1995), pp. 156-158
Academic Journal
British Yearbook of International Law. 60:359-434
Reference
A Dictionary of Abbreviations, 1 ed., 2011.
Reference
Oxford Dictionary of English, 3 ed., 2010.
reports described him as ‘emotionally unstable’ and in a ‘grossly elevated neurotic state’. The judge refused to admit the evidence, and on appeal following conviction it was contended that he was wrong. The primary contention was that the appellant’s pre-existing mental condition made him vulnerable to threats. Held, dismissing the appeal, the duress relied upon was duress by threats, but in some cases a defendant might be able to rely on ‘duress by circumstances’ (see Conway [1989] QB 290; Martin [1989] 1 All ER 652), and although not argued in this way it was proposed to consider whether the medical evidence could have been introduced on the basis that Hegarty might have been able to set up such a defence. Duress by threats provided a defence to a charge of any offence other than murder (see Howe [1987] AC 417), attempted murder (see Gotts [1982] 2 AC 412) and some forms of treason. It was founded on public policy considerations (see AG v Whelan [1934] IR 518). The fact that the defendant’s mind had been ‘overborne’ by the threats did not mean that he lacked the requisite intent to commit the crime (see DPP for Northern Ireland v Lynch [1975] AC 653, 703B). It followed that the law might have developed on the lines that, when considering duress, a purely subjective test should be applied, and it might well develop in this way in the future (see Law Com 218, para 29.14, November 1993, Cmnd 2370 and draft Criminal Law Bill, cl 25(2)). As the law stood however the test was not purely subjective but required an objective test to be satisfied (Howe). The jury had to consider the response of a sober person of reasonable firmness ‘sharing the characteristics of the defendant’. They could take account of age, sex and physical health, but it was open to consideration whether the shared characteristics could include a personality disorder of the kind suffered by the appellant. His counsel argued that the expert evidence was relevant to explain the reaction of a man like him to threats of violence to himself and his family, and admissible because the pathological aspects of his personality and the effect of his disorder on his behaviour were matters which lay outside the knowledge and experience of a judge and jury. Counsel referred to a passage in Emery (1993) 14 Cr App R (S) 394, 398 where Lord Taylor CJ said that: ‘... The question for the doctors was whether a woman of reasonable firmness with the characteristics of [the appellant], if abused in the manner which she said, would have had her will crushed so that she could not have protected her child.’ It was accepted that for the purposes of the subjective test medical evidence was admissible if the mental condition or abnormality was relevant and its effects lay outside the knowledge and experience of laymen. In the present case, the reports before the judge did not go that far, and the judge had to decide on the material before him. There were no grounds for disturbing his decision. As the evidence was not admissible to explain the reaction of the appellant himself, it was clearly not admissible on the objective test. The passage cited could not be read in isolation
Book
Sourcebook Criminal Law ISBN: 9781843143093
Fuller, L, ‘Consideration and form’ (1941) 41 Columbia LR 799. Fuller, L and Perdue, W, ‘The reliance interest in contract damages’ (1936–37) 46 Yale LJ 52. Furmston, M, ‘Return to Dunlop v Selfridge?’ (1960) 23 MLR 373. Gardner, S, ‘Trashing with Trollope: a deconstruction of postal rules in contract’ (1992) 2 OJLS 170. Goff, R, and Jones, G, The Law of Restitution, 4th edn, 1993, London: Sweet & Maxwell. Gower, L, ‘Exemption clauses – contractual and tortious liability’ (1954) 17 MLR 155. Hamson, C, ‘The reform of consideration’ (1938) 54 LQR 233. Harris, D, Ogus, A and Phillips, J, ‘Contact remedies and the consumer surplus’ (1979) 95 LQR 581. Harrison, Good Faith in Sales, 1997, London: Sweet & Maxwell. Howarth, W, ‘The meaning of objectivity in contract’ (1984) 100 LQR 265. Jacobs, J, ‘The battle of the forms: standard term contracts in comparative perspective’ (1985) 34 ICLQ 297. Kessler, ‘Contracts of adhesion: some thoughts about freedom of contract’ (1943) Columbia LR 629. Law Commission, First Report on Exemption Clauses in Contracts, Law Com No 24, 1969, London: HMSO. Law Commission, Firm Offers, 1975, Working Paper No 60, London: HMSO. Law Commission, Second Report on Exemption Clauses in Contracts, Law Com No 69, 1975, London: HMSO. Law Commission, Law of Contract: The Parol Evidence Rule, Law Com No 154, Cmnd 9700, 1986, London: HMSO. Law Commission, Privity of Contract: Contracts For The Benefit of Third Parties, Law Com No 242, Cm 3329, 1996, London: HMSO
Book
Sourcebook on Contract Law ISBN: 9781843141518
Academic Journal
CMND: Consistent-aware Multi-server Network Design Model for Delay-Sensitive Applications. (3):321-329
Academic Journal
British Journal of Sociology of Education. 6:231-242
Academic Journal
Industrial Law Journal. 9:193-197
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