[휴실] 새벽벌도서관 2층 열람실(새벽별당 제외) 및 4층 쉼터 리모델링 안내 (공사기간: ~ 3. 31.)
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'학술논문' 에서 검색결과 1,853,270건 | 목록 1~20
Full Issue Download Vol. 13 No. 1 2021 The Importance of the Measurement Infrastructure in Economic Recovery from the COVID-19 Pandemic Richard J. C. Brown , Fiona Auty, Eugenio Renedo, Mike King NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.1 Publisher NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 18-21 Abstract: This paper describes the many, evidenced-based benefits to the economy of a well-developed measurement infrastructure. In particular, it explains how assuring confidence in measurement may be used to accelerate economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic including in emerging sectors such as the digital economy. Recommendations are made for providing near term support for national economic recovery whilst also demonstrating the advantages of sustained development of the measurement infrastructure in the medium-term to maximize the potential of future innovative and disruptive technologies. These recommendations, whilst focused on consideration of the UK, should apply globally. References: [1] G. Tassey, 'Underinvestment in public good technologies,' J Technol. Transfer, Vol. 30, pp. 89-113, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-004-4360-0 [2] M. King, and E. Renedo, 'Achieving the 2.4% GDP target: The role of measurement in increasing investment in R&D and innovation,' NPL Report IEA 3, NPL, Teddington, UK, March 2020. [3] M. King and G. Tellett, 'The National Measurement System: A Customer Survey for Three of the Core Labs in the National Measurement System,' NMS Customer Survey Report 2018, NPL Teddington, UK, April 2020 [4] H. Kunzmann, T. Pfeifer, R. Schmitt, H. Schwenke, and A.Weckenmann, 'Productive metrology-adding value to manufacture,' CIRP Annals, vol. 54, pp. 155-168, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60024-9 [5] N. G. Orji, R. G. Dixson, A. Cordes, B. D. Bunday, and J. A. Allgair, 'Measurement traceability and quality assurance in a nanomanufacturing environment,' Instrumentation, Metrology, and Standards for Nanomanufacturing III, Proceedings Vol. 7405, 740505, August 2009. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.826606 [6] Belmana, Analysis for Policy 'Public Support for Innovation and Business Outcomes,' Belmana: London, UK, 2020. [7] R. Hawkins, Standards, systems of innovation and policy in Handbook of Innovation and Standards. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2019. [8] N. Nwaigbo, and M. King, 'Evaluating the Impact of the NMS Consultancy Projects on Supported Firms (Working Paper)' NPL, Teddington, UK, 2020. [9] M. King, R. Lambert, and P. Temple, Measurement, standards and productivity spillovers in Handbook of Innovation and Standards. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2017, p. 162. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783470082.00016 [10] A. Font, K. de Hoogh, M. Leal-Sanchez, D. C. Ashworth, R. J. C. Brown, A. L. Hansell, and G. W. Fuller, 'Using metal ratios to detect emissions from municipal waste incinerators in ambient air pollution data,' Atmos. Environ., vol. 113, pp. 177-186, July 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.05.002 [11] S. Giannis, M. R. L. Gower, G. D. Sims, G. Pask, and G. Edwards, 'Increasing UK competitiveness by enhancing the composite materials regulatory infrastructure,' NPL Report MAT 90, NPL, Teddington, UK, October 2019. [12] HM Government, UK Research and Development Roadmap, BEIS, London, July 2020. [13] M. R. Mehra, S. S. Desai, F. Ruschitzka, and A. N. Patel, 'Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis,' Lancet, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31180-6 (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) ©2021 NCSL International Smart Power Supply Calibration System Iraj Vasaeli , Brandon Umansky NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.2 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 22-27 Abstract: This paper details the development of an automated procedure to conduct calibrations of power supplies at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (JPL). The fundamentals of power supply calibrations are given, and discussion on the method by which this custom software handles that calibration. Additionally, this technique provides real time uncertainty quantification of the calibrations. This automated system has demonstrated a time savings over existing automated techniques in use today. References: [1] Keysight, 'Low-Profile Modular Power System Series N6700 Service Guide', Part Number: 5969 2938, Edition 7, January 2015. [2] B. N. Taylor and C. E. Kuyatt, 'Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results', NIST Technical Note 1297, 1994. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1297 [3] JCGM, 'Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement,' first edition (GUM 1995 with minor corrections),' JCGM 100, 2008. (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) © 2021 NCSL International Computer Aided Verification of Voltage Dips and Short Interruption Generators for Electromagnetic Compatibility Immunity Test in Accordance with IEC 61000-4-11: 2004 + AMD: 2017 Hau Wah Lai , Cho Man Tsui , Hing Wah Li NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.3 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 28-39 Abstract: This paper describes a procedure and a computer-aided system developed by the Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL) for verification of voltage dip and short interruption generators in accordance with the international standard IEC 61000-4-11:2004+AMD1:2017. The verification is done by calibrating the specified parameters and comparing with the requirements stated in the standard. The parameters that should be calibrated are the ratios of the residual voltages to the rated voltage, the accuracy of the phase angle at switching, and the rise time, fall time, overshoot and undershoot of the switching waveform. A specially built adapter is used to convert the high voltage output waveforms of the generators to lower level signals to be acquired by a digital oscilloscope. The other circuits required for the testing are also provided. In addition, the paper discusses the uncertainty evaluations for the measured parameters. References: [1] T. Williams, and K. Armstrong, 'EMC for Systems and Installations Part 6 - Low-Frequency Magnetics Fields (Emissions and Immunity) Mains Dips, Dropouts, Interruptions, Sags, Brownouts and Swells,' EMC Compliance Journal, August 2000. [2] M.I. Montrose, and E. M. Nakauchi, Testing for EMC Compliance: Approaches and Techniques, Wiley Interscience, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1002/047164465X [3] International Standard IEC 61000-4-11:2004+AMD1:2017:Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 4-11: Testing and measurement techniques - Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests. [4] Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, First Edition JCGM 100:2008. (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) © 2021 NCSL International Validation of the Photometric Method Used for Micropipette Calibration Elsa Batista , Isabel Godinho, George Rodrigues, Doreen Rumery NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.4 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 40-45 Abstract: There are two methods generally used for calibration of micropipettes: the gravimetric method described in ISO 8655-6:2002 and the photometric method described in ISO 8655-7:2005. In order to validate the photometric method, several micropipettes of different capacities from 0.1 µL to 1000 µL were calibrated using both methods (gravimetric and photometric) in two different laboratories, IPQ (Portuguese Institute for Quality) and Artel. These tests were performed by six different operators. The uncertainty for both methods was determined and it was verified that the uncertainty component that has a higher contribution to the final uncertainty budget depends on the volume delivered. In the photometric method for small volumes, the repeatability of the pipette is the largest uncertainty component, but for volumes, larger than 100 µL, the photometric instrument is the most significant source of uncertainty. Based on all the results obtained with this study, one may consider the photometric method validated. References: [1] ISO 8655-1/2/6/7, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus, 2002. [2] BIPM, International Vocabulary of Metrology, 3rd edition, JCGM 200:2012. [3] George Rodrigues, Bias and transferability in standards methods of pipette calibration, Artel, June 2003. [4] Taylor, et.al. The definition of primary method of measurement (PMM) of the 'highest metrological quality': a challenge in understanding and communication, Accred. Qual.Assur (2001) 6:103-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00010444 [5] EURAMET project 1353, Volume comparison on Calibration of micropipettes - Gravimetric and photometric methods. [6] ASTM E542: Standard Practice for Calibration of laboratory Volumetric Apparatus, 2000. [7] ISO 4787; Laboratory glassware - Volumetric glassware - Methods for use and testing of capacity, 2010 . [8] ISO 13528:2005 - Statistical methods used in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparisons. [9] BIPM et al, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), 2nd ed., International Organization for Standardization, Genève, 1995. [10] EURAMET guide, cg 19, - Guidelines on the determination of uncertainty in gravimetric volume calibration, version 3.0, 2012. [11] E. Batista et all, A Study of Factors that Influence Micropipette Calibrations, Measure Vol. 10 No. 1, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1080/19315775.2015.11721717 [12] www.BIPM.org. (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) © 2021 NCSL International Material Flow Rate Estimation in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing G. P. Greeff NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.5 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 46-56 Abstract: The additive manufacturing of products promises exciting possibilities. Measurement methodologies, which measure an in-process dataset of these products and interpret the results, are essential. However, before developing such a level of quality assurance several in-process measurands must be realized. One of these is the material flow rate, or rate of adding material during the additive manufacturing process. Yet, measuring this rate directly in material extrusion additive manufacturing presents challenges. This work presents two indirect methods to estimate the volumetric flow rate at the liquefier exit in material extrusion, specifically in Fused Deposition Modeling or Fused Filament Fabrication. The methods are cost effective and may be applied in future sensor integration. The first method is an optical filament feed rate and width measurement and the second is based on the liquefier pressure. Both are used to indirectly estimate the volumetric flow rate. The work also includes a description of linking the G-code command to the final print result, which may be used to create a per extrusion command model of the part. References: [1] T. Wohlers, I. Campbell, O. Diegel, J. Kowen, I. Fidan, and D.L. Bourell, 'Wohlers Report 2017: 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing State of the Industry Annual Worldwide Progress Report,' 2017. [2] Additive manufacturing -- General principles -- Terminology. Geneva, CH: International Organization for Standardization, 2015. [3] R. Jones et al., 'Reprap - The replicating rapid prototyper,' Robotica, vol. 29, no. 1 SPEC. ISSUE, pp. 177-191, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S026357471000069X [4] T. Wohlers and T. Gornet, 'History of Additive Manufacturing 2017,' 2017. [5] S. A. M. Tofail, E. P. Koumoulos, A. Bandyopadhyay, S. Bose, L. O'Donoghue, and C. Charitidis, 'Additive manufacturing: scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities, 'Materials Today, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 22-37, Jan. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.07.001 [6] G. Moroni and S. Petrò, 'Managing uncertainty in the new manufacturing era,' Procedia CIRP, vol. 75, pp. 1-2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.07.001 [7] R. Leach et al., 'Information-rich manufacturing metrology,'in Eighth International Precision Assembly Seminar (IPAS), 2018, no. January. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05931-6_14 [8] S. Moylan, J. Slotwinski, A. Cooke, K. Jurrens, M. A. Donmez, and A. Donmez, 'Proposal for a Standardized Test Artifact for Additive Manufacturing Machines and Processes,' Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings, pp. 902-920, 2012. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.7858 [9] ASME Y14.46-2017 Product Definition for Additive Manufacturing. New York:The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. [10] H. Li, T. Wang, J. Sun, and Z. Yu, 'The effect of process parameters in fused deposition modelling on bonding degree and mechanical properties,' Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 80-92, Jan. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-06-2016-0090 [11] A. W. Gebisa and H. G. Lemu, 'Investigating effects of Fused-deposition modeling (FDM) processing parameters on flexural properties of ULTEM 9085 using designed experiment, 'Materials, vol.11, no. 4, pp. 1-23, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11040500 PMid:29584674 PMCid:PMC5951346 [12] B. Wittbrodt and J. M. Pearce, 'The effects of PLA color on material properties of 3-D printed components,' Additive Manufacturing, vol. 8, pp. 110-116, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2015.09.006 [13] O. A. Mohamed, S. H. Masood, and J. L. Bhowmik, 'Optimization of fused deposition modeling process parameters: a review of current research and future prospects,' Advances in Manufacturing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 42-53, Mar. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40436-014-0097-7 [14] S. K. Everton, M. Hirsch, P. Stravroulakis, R. K. Leach and A. T. Clare, 'Review of in-situ process monitoring and in-situ metrology for metal additive manufacturing,' Materials and Design, vol. 95, pp. 431-445, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.099 [15] P. K. Rao, J. P. Liu, D. Roberson, Z. J. Kong, and C. Williams,'Online Real-Time Quality Monitoring in Additive Manufacturing Processes Using Heterogeneous Sensors,' Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, vol. 137, no. 6, p.061007, Sep. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029823 [16] J. Pellegrino, T. Makila, S. McQueen, and E. Taylor, 'Measurement science roadmap for polymer-based additive manufacturing,' Gaithersburg, MD, Dec. 2016. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AMS.100-5 [17] T. R. Kramer, F. M. Proctor, and E. Messina, 'The NIST RS274NGC Interpreter -Version 3,' Gaithersburg, Maryland, 2000. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.6556 [18] B. N. Turner, R. Strong, and S. A. Gold, 'A review of melt extrusion additive manufacturing processes: I. Process design and modeling,' Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 20, no. 3, pp.192-204, Apr. 2014, https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-01-2013-0012 [19] Conrad Electronic, 'Renkforce RF1000 3D Drucker,' 2016. https://www.conrad.de/de/renkforce-rf1000-3d-drucker-single-extruder-inkl-software-franzis-designcad-v24-3d-printrenkforce-edition-1007508.html (accessed Sep. 20, 2016). [20] G. Hodgson, A. Ranellucci, and J. Moe, 'Slic3r Manual - Flow Math,' 2016. http://manual.slic3r.org/advanced/flow-math (accessed Jun. 21, 2016). [21] Repetier, 'Repetier-Firmware Documentation.' https://www.repetier.com/documentation/repetier firmware/repetier-firmware-introduction/ (accessed Apr. 17, 2018). [22] B. Weiss, D. W. Storti, and M. A. Ganter, 'Low-cost closedloop control of a 3D printer gantry,' Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 482-490, Aug. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-09-2014-0108 [23] R. L. Zinniel and J. S. Batchelder, 'Volumetric Feed Control for Flexible Filament,' US 6085957, 2000. [24] W. J. Heij, Applied Metrology in Additive Manufacturing. Delft: Delft University of Technology, 2016. [25] G. P. Greeff and M. Schilling, 'Closed loop control of slippage during filament transport in molten material extrusion,' Additive Manufacturing, vol. 14, pp. 31-38, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.12.005 [26] G. P. Greeff, Applied Metrology in Additive Manufacturing, vol. 60. Berlin: Mensch und Buch, 2019. [27] G. P. Greeff and M. Schilling, 'Comparing Retraction Methods with Volumetric Exit Flow Measurement in Molten Material Extrusion,' in Special Interest Group meeting on Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Finish in Additive Manufacturing, 2017, no. October, pp. 70-74. [28] G. P. Greeff and M. Schilling, 'Single print optimisation of fused filament fabrication parameters,' The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Aug. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2518-4 [29] A. Bellini, S. Güçeri, and M. Bertoldi, 'Liquefier Dynamics in Fused Deposition,' Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, vol. 126, no. 2, p. 237, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1688377 [30] P. Virtanen et al., 'SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python,' Nature Methods, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 261-272, Mar. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2 PMid:32015543 PMCid:PMC7056644 (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) © 2021 NCSL International Software to Maximize End-User Uptake of Conformity Assessment with Measurement Uncertainty, Including Bivariate Cases. The European EMPIR CASoft Project
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L.R. Pendrill; A. Allard; N. Fischer; P.M. Harris; J. Nguyen; I.M. Smith
NCSL International measure. 13:58-69
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Erratum for the Report 'Global distribution of earthworm diversity' by H. R. P. Phillips, C. A. Guerra, M. L. C. Bartz, M. J. I. Briones, G. Brown, T. W. Crowther, O. Ferlian, K. B. Gongalsky, J. van den Hoogen, J. Krebs, A. Orgiazzi, D. Routh, B. Schwarz, E. M. Bach, J. Bennett, U. Brose, T. Decaëns, B. König-Ries, M. Loreau, J. Mathieu, C. Mulder, W. H. van der Putten, K. S. Ramirez, M. C. Rillig, D. Russell, M. Rutgers, M. P. Thakur, F. T. de Vries, D. H. Wall, D. A. Wardle, M. Arai, F. O. Ayuke, G. H. Baker, R. Beauséjour, J. C. Bedano, K. Birkhofer, E. Blanchart, B. Blossey, T. Bolger, R. L. Bradley, M. A. Callaham, Y. Capowiez, M. E. Caulfield, A. Choi, F. V. Crotty, A. Dávalos, D. J. Diaz Cosin, A. Dominguez, A. E. Duhour, N. van Eekeren, C. Emmerling, L. B. Falco, R. Fernández, S. J. Fonte, C. Fragoso, A. L. C. Franco, M. Fugère, A. T. Fusilero, S. Gholami, M. J. Gundale, M. Gutiérrez López, D. K. Hackenberger, L. M. Hernández, T. Hishi, A. R. Holdsworth, M. Holmstrup, K. N. Hopfensperger, E. Huerta Lwanga, V. Huhta, T. T. Hurisso, B. V. Iannone III, M. Iordache, M. Joschko, N. Kaneko, R. Kanianska, A. M. Keith, C. A. Kelly, M. L. Kernecker, J. Klaminder, A. W. Koné, Y. Kooch, S. T. Kukkonen, H. Lalthanzara, D. R. Lammel, I. M. Lebedev, Y. Li, J. B. Jesus Lidon, N. K. Lincoln, S. R. Loss, R. Marichal, R. Matula, J. H. Moos, G. Moreno, A. Morón-Ríos, B. Muys, J. Neirynck, L. Norgrove, M. Novo, V. Nuutinen, V. Nuzzo, M. Rahman P, J. Pansu, S. Paudel, G. Pérès, L. Pérez-Camacho, R. Piñeiro, J.-F. Ponge, M. I. Rashid, S. Rebollo, J. Rodeiro-Iglesias, M. Á. Rodríguez, A. M. Roth, G. X. Rousseau, A. Rozen, E. Sayad, L. van Schaik, B. C. Scharenbroch, M. Schirrmann, O. Schmidt, B. Schröder, J. Seeber, M. P. Shashkov, J. Singh, S. M. Smith, M. Steinwandter, J. A. Talavera, D. Trigo, J. Tsukamoto, A. W. de Valença, S. J. Vanek, I. Virto, A. A. Wackett, M. W. Warren, N. H. Wehr, J. K. Whalen, M. B. Wironen, V. Wolters, I. V. Zenkova, W. Zhang, E. K. Cameron, N. Eisenhauer
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Minutes from J. M. Brown to I. J. M. Sutherland re: Exiles, November 21, 1962.
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What is philology and its difference from other areas: Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 12 Abstract : This article provides information about the history of philology, teaching methodology, what philology is, and its difference from other fields. Key words : Philology, teaching methodology, science, linguistics, literary studies, tex- tual studies, source studies. Philology (from ancient Greek: philologia - «love of words», «love of words») is a general science consisting of the cooperation of humanities - linguistics, literary studies, textual studies, source studies, paleography, and others; studies the histo-ry and essence of human spiritual culture by linguistic and stylistic analysis of writ-ten monuments. The text, which consists of the sum of its internal issues and ex-ternal relations, is the first basis that determines the existence of philology. By focusing on the text and creating supporting comments (the most ancient form of philological works), philology covers human life, first of all, spiritual life with all its breadth and depth. Philology appeared in the period when the culture of writing was relatively advanced. The ancient highly developed cultures of the Middle East were almost unaware of philology, and in the Middle Ages Western Europe did not pay enough attention to it either; At the same time, philology is the homeland of philosophy. In India and Greece, thinking about words and speech, in the way of its analysis, appeared in harmony with philosophy. Despite the conflicts that later occurred between the pursuit of abstraction in philosophy and the precision and concreteness of philology, the initial integrity and unity of philosophy and philolo-gy was not accidental: the periods of the rise and development of philology often coincided with the great periods of epistemological thought (for example, in the Hellenistic world - from Aristotle, in Europe in the 17th century - It happened after R. Descartes, in Germany in the 19th century - I. Kant). Qad. Chinese culture had its own philological traditions (Liu Se’s works, 5th-6th centuries AD). But Qad. The philological teachings of India and China, and their achievements in this field, were not known to Europeans until recent times. The traditions of European philology relied entirely on Greek sources, and ancient Sunyo philology. During the period of the Sophists (2nd half of the 5th century - 1st half of the 4th century BC), the ABDURAKHMONOVA MOKHINUR BAKHROMJON QIZI Student of Uzbek StateWorld Language University KHODIYEVA SHAKHNOZA ABDULLAYEVNA Senior teacher of Uzbek State World Language University WHAT IS PHILOLOGY AND ITS DIFFERENCE FROM OTHER AREAS https://doi.org/10.47689/STARS.university-pp12-16 STARS International University 13 field of literature is sufficiently separated from the non-literary environment to become the object of theoretical poetics and philology. Among the sophists, Pro-tagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and others made great contributions to the develop-ment of philological methods; Greek literary theory rises to a higher level with Aristotle’s Poetics. In the Hellenistic period (3rd-1st centuries BC), philology was separated from the science of philosophy and passed into the hands of specialists - the librarians of Alexandria and Pergamum: they were engaged in identifying and interpreting the corrected texts of ancient authors. Dionysius of Thrace (c. 150-90 BC) developed a theory of word groups that is still in use today. Among the schol-ars of the early Christian era, Origen and Jerome (the person who first translated the Bible into Latin) carried out enormous textological works on the original ver-sion of the Bible and the Greek translation. The tradition of Greek philology was continued in Byzantium in the Middle Ages, preserving its ancient status (study and interpretation of classic texts); After the fall of the Roman Empire (1453), Re-naissance Italy inherited Byzantine philology thanks to the fleeing scholars. Qad. In Rome, philology was distinguished from phammatics, which studied the gram-matical aspect of the language, spelling. The next stage of development of philol-ogy is associated with the treatises of Dante, Boccaccio, Petrarch, and Lorenzo Wall during the Renaissance. In these treatises, the true content of Aristotle’s works is revealed, p. the written texts of Greek and Roman writers were studied and interpreted from a critical point of view. During the period when philology was depressed in Europe in the Middle Ages, during the 8th-14th centuries, Arabic philology began to develop on a large scale. In Arabic philology, the fields of lin-guistics and partly literary studies are developed. During this period, Kufa and Basra grammar schools (currents) emerged. Representatives of the grammar school of Basra: Khalil ibn Ahmad (8th century) and his student Sibawayhi devel-oped the standards of the classical Arabic language in their works and compiled the first explanatory dictionary of the Arabic language. Sibawayhi divided the word groups into 3 main groups (noun, verb, letter) defined the syntactic relations of word groups. The representatives of the Kufa grammar stream devoted their works to the syntax of the Arabic language and the dialectal grammatical features of the Arabic language. In the 9th and 10th centuries, both grammatical streams rose to the level of an independent school of linguistics. On the basis of Basra and Kufa fammatic trends, the Baghdad fammatic school was created, and the Bagh-dad grammatical theory was created. Ibn Jinni (10th century), a representative of the Baghdad grammar school, paid attention to issues of etymology in his works. As the rule of the Arab caliphate spread to Syria, Egypt, Iran, Spain, and Central Asia, philologists developed in these regions under the influence of the philologi-cal currents of Kufa, Basra, and Baghdad. representatives also participated. En-glish orientalist Ye. According to Brown, 30 of the 45 most influential representa-tives of Arab science and culture were representatives of non-Arab peoples. The emergence of the science of Turkic philology is also connected with the scientific activities of these scientists. Although philology was not considered a special sci-ence among the Turkic peoples in ancient times, there are many works related to it - dictionaries, grammars, treatises on literary studies, reviews, books on the his-tory and ethnography of the Turkic peoples. written Mahmud Koshgari (11th cen-tury) occupies a special place in the history of culture and science of Turkic peo- Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 14 ples. He is one of the scientists and the first to create the science of Turkic philol-ogy. His work «Devonu Lugotit Turk» covers almost all areas of this science: lexi-con, phonetics and morphology of Turkic languages, classification of Turkic lan-guages, oral creativity of Turkic peoples, etc. The work also contains valuable in-formation on ethnography, toponymy, and geographical location of Turkic peo-ples. M. Koshgari also founded the comparative study of languages. Mahmoud Zamakhshari (11th-12th centuries), nicknamed «Jorullah» («Neighbor of God») by the scholars of his time, made a great contribution to the development of Eastern science and culture. He created more than 50 works related to philosophy, history, literary studies, folklore studies, linguistics. His work «Mukaddimat uladab» is im-portant not only in terms of studying the history of the Arabic language and lin-guistics, but also in terms of studying the history of the languages of the Turkic peoples. In the dictionary part of the work, Persian and Mongolian translations of Arabic words as well as Turkish translations are given. In addition to these, more than 10 monolingual or bilingual explanatory dictionaries created by well-known or unknown authors in the 13th-19th centuries made a certain contribution to the development of the science of philology in Turkic languages. Also, Alisher Navoi’s works «Muhokamat ullugatayn», «Mezon ulavzon», «Majolis unnafois», «Tarihi mu-luki Ajam», Babur’s «Mukhtasar» («Risolai aruz») and «Boburnoma», Abul g hozi Bahadirkhan’s «Shajarai turk» and « «Shajarai tarokima» books, historical works of authors such as Munis, Ogahi, Bayani, Sheikh Ahmad Tarazi’s book «Funun ulbalo-ga» on literary studies and other scientific works enriched the science of philology in a broad sense. In the 18th century in Germany, the philologist I.I. A new era of philology begins due to the emergence of Winckelmann’s theory of «neohuman-ism» (new humanism). The question of the whole, whole image of the an c ient world is raised with the same scientific rigor as it was during the Renaissance. German philologist philology A. Wolf uses the term «philology» as the name of the science of antiquity, the ancient world. During this period, philology was under-stood in a very broad sense and included not only the study of a specific national language and literature, but also history, philosophy, art, and even material cul-ture. Philology. the department that studies cultural monuments and i nterprets the works of Greek and Roman authors was later called «classical philology». In the 19th century, the process of separation of philology from other disciplines in-tensified. As a result of the work of German philologists G. Uzener, E. Rode, U. von Wilamowitz Möllendorf and others, world history is separated from philology as an independent branch of science; at the same time, under the influence of romanti-cism and other Goya trends, along with «classical philology», «new philology» was born: Germanic studies (such as Ya. and V. Grimm), Slavic studies (A. Vostokov, V. Ganka), Oriental studies. At the same time, the Grimms, philologist Dietz, I. Do-brovsky, A. Vostokov and other philologists developed the comparative-historical method of language study. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the science of Turkic studies appeared as a branch of philology. During the period when special departments of philology as above appeared and the comparative historical method began to be used, the concept of philology narrowed and became equal to linguistics. At the end of the 19th and the begin-ning of the 20th century, the concept of philology became clearer and included the study of languages and literature; such disciplines as textology, source stud- STARS International University 15 ies, paleography appear as auxiliary fields of philology, especially the formation and development of textology played an important role in publishing manuscripts and works of classic poets (for example, Yusuf Khos Hajib, Atoi, Navoi, Babur; Pushkin, Lermontov, etc.). Linguistics and literary studies that make up philology, in turn, are divided into special fields: general linguistics, language history, the study of modern languages; folklore studies are also included in the scope of liter-ary theory, literary history, literary criticism and other philology because folklore is also an art of speech. Modern philology reveals new problems of language and literature study and develops new methods; developing a continuous connection with written sources typical of all periods of social life; philological research is being conducted with a deep scientific and critical approach to existing sourc-es. The most important characteristic of modern philology is to limit its tasks to the tasks of such subjects as history, philosophy, art history, and cultural history, which were separated from the bosom of philology, which was once considered a single, integrated science, and at the same time, creative cooperation with them. Although the foundations of Uzbek philology go back to the times and works of M. Koshgari, M. Zamakhshari, it has developed in a unique way over the years! how-ever, Uzbek philology in the current sense began to form at the beginning of the 20th century: Uzbek linguistics, literary studies, source studies, and textual studies developed as branches of philological science. Current Uzbek philology is devel-oping in every way as a component of world philology. M. Behbudi, Fitrat, Chol-pon, Avloni, Elbek, Ghozi Olim Yunusov, A. Zahiri, Otajon Hashim, Hodi Zaripov, S. Ibrohimov, P. Shamsiyev, Sh. Khurshid, Olim Sharafiddinov, S. Mutallibov, Izzat Sultan, O. Usmanov, S. Usmanov, U. Tursunov, philology Kamal, V. Abdullayev, V. Zohidov, G‘. Karimov, philology Abdullayev, A. Gulomov, H. Sulaymanov, Russian scientists Ye. Polivanov, K. Yudakhin, A. Borovkov, V. Reshetov, A. Kononov, A. Shcherbak, and others have significant contributions. Also Sh. Shoabdurahman-ov, G. Abdurahmonov, A. Hayitmetov, A. Kayumov, A. Rustamov, Q. Mahmudov, M. Askarova, HI. Rahmatullayev, A. Hajiyev, A. Abdugafurov, B. Valikhojhayev, N. Karimov, T. Mirzayev, B. Nazarov, E. Fozilov, E. Begmatov, H. Nematov, A. Nur-monov, N. Makhmudov, and other contemporary Uzbeks have been participating in the development of philology with their scientific research. Philology has faced difficulties in the English-speaking world. Many Americans who studied in college do not know this word, and those who often repeat texts written by ancient Greek or Roman classics. Philology is a science of science. the king, the pride of the first great modern universities - grew up in Germany in the eighteenth and nine-teenth centuries. In the twelve years before 1850, the most advanced humanistic research in the United States and Great Britain and its generative currents were sent through the intellectual life of Europe and America. philosophy of text (liter-ature such as classical and biblical studies, «Sanskrit and Arabic», «Medieval and modern European writers»); 2) the theory of the origin and nature of language and (3) the comparative structure and historical evolution of languages and language families study ».»The events that happened since 1800 were the origin of «compar-ative philology», events that happened by Darwinists, such as «the common origin of humans», was based on the widest horizons and new knowledge. By the 18th century, English colonial leaders who were covering botany and Greek at school, realized that they had to do their work properly in classical Persian and even San- Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 16 skrit, they could not help noticing similarities between the oriental languages and their classical counterparts, but what was their meaning, and what was the origin of the distinction of language rather than of species?» The comparative philology of the study and development of true Indo-European languages quickly gained great respect in Germany.» Answer Grimm, true expressions of philologists and rare collectors, «There is no punishment, or so cruel to error. As mathematics or physics, in every sense a hard science, serious details have a cruel morality.» Popular English Philology to all kinds of questions about, etymology, different types of pronunciation and grammatical usage, sources of Cockney vocabulary, words, original place and per-sonal names, and pronunciation, it is very interesting to hear things discussed in railway stations and smoking rooms you can read long letters about them in the press, sometimes decorated with random, misunderstood, misinterpreted and used interesting information No, the subject of English philology is street has a strange fascination for the man within, but almost everything that is thought and said about it is wonderfully and hopelessly mistaken. English Philology attracts a greater number of cranks and defects than the giyas, which is the knowledge of people who are probably less educated on any subject. the general ignorance about it is so profound that it is very difficult to convince people that it is really a well-known fact and a definite doctrine on linguistic matters.» «If the nineteenth language of language is the century of discovery, the twentieth century is the century of language attachment. The nineteenth-century distinguished language in several ways: it learned to see language as an amalgam of sounds, and therefore how to study sounds, to understand the diversity of language, and to understand the history or studied not as a piece of literature, but as a separate language. «Philology» was considered the best. «Other studies, especially innovations such as anthropology, began at the same time that philology helped the emergence of linguistics ... New studies were different from the century: in the century, linguis-tics once again united language. words and so He developed an interest in the study of the sounds that combine to form words, understood universals in other languages, and he reintegrated other languages with other languages, particularly philosophy and psychology.» References: 1. Warschauer, M., & Kern, K. (2000). Network-based Language Teaching: Con- cepts and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.[1] 2. Boswood, T. (1997). New Ways of Using Computers in Language Teaching (New Ways in Tesol Series II), California: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.[2] 3. Harmer, J. (2007). How to teach English, Harlow, Essex: Pearson-Longman. [3] 4.www.ziyonet.uz.[4]5.Jeyms Tyorner, Filologiya: Zamonaviy gumanitar fanlarning unutilgan man- balari, Princeton University Press, 2014[5] 2.Genri Vild, «Angliyadagi ingliz filologiyasi: Oksford universitetidagi imtihon maktablarida nutq so‘zlagan birinchi dars», 21 fevral 1921.[6]
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Mokhinur Abdurakhmonova; Shakhnoza Khodiyeva
Современные тенденции инновационного развития науки и образования в глобальном мире. 1:12-16
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