부산대학교 도서관

Adhikary, Sanjib; Aguilar, Jorge; Ahere, Charles; Ahmed, Moustafa; Ahn, Jane C.; Akhtar, Shamsuddin; Albert, David B.; Aldawoodi, Nasrin N.; Algren, John T.; Almeida-Chen, Gracie; Amar, David; Anastasian, Zirka H.; Aniskevich, Stephen; Aronson, Solomon; Arora, Harendra; Asopa, Amit; Atkins, Joshua H.; Augoustides, John G.; Azam, Mohammad Fareed; Bachman, Catherine R.; Bacon, Douglas R.; Badley, Andrew D.; Baird, Emily; Baldwin, Alethia; Ball, Ryan; Baluch, Amir; Bandola, David; Banks, Shawn; Barash, Paul G.; Barrett, Kathleen E.; Beaman, Shawn T.; Beathe, Jonathan C.; Beatie, Christopher D.; Beattie, W. Scott; Bechtle, Perry S.; Benzinger, G. Richard; Berkow, Lauren; Berman, Jeffrey M.; Bernstein, Wendy K.; Berry, Arnold J.; Berry, Frederic; Berth, Ulrike; Bethune, Walter; Bhambhani, Sumita; Bharadwaj, Shobana; Bhatt, Neil; Billings, Frederic T., IV; Binstock, Wendy B.; Birnbach, David J.; Bishop, Michael; Black, Stephanie; Blanchette, Mary A.; Blum, James M.; Boddu, Krishna; Bonasera, Lara; Boortz-Marx, Richard L.; Borel, Cecil O.; Botz, Gregory H.; Boucek, Charles D.; Bradford, William; Brainard, Jason C.; Braunfeld, Michelle; Braveman, Ferne R.; Bravo-Fernandez, Caridad; Breen, Peter H.; Brennan, Marjorie; Brentjens, Tricia; Brockel, Megan A.; Brodsky, Jay B.; Bromberg, Todd A.; Broussard, Adam J.; Broussard, Chris; Labrie-Brown, Carmen; Brown, Robert H.; Brudney, Charles S.; Brull, Sorin J.; Brunson, Claude; Bryson, Trent; Buchowski, Jacob M.; Budac, Stefan; Bush, Zachary D.; Butterworth, John; Calo, Lisbeysi; Canlas, Christopher; Cannon, Ayana; Cantie, Shawn M.; Caplan, Lisa; Caruso, Marco; Cattano, Davide; Cauldwell, Charles B.; Cavallone, Laura; Cereda, Maurizio; Chalifoux, Thomas M.; Chan, Susan; Cheek, Theodore G.; Chen, Alexander; Cherry, Samuel A., III; Cheung, Albert T.; Chien, Grace L.; Choi, Peter T.; Ciarallo, Christopher; Cladis, Franklyn; Clapcich, Anthony J.; Clark, Richard B.; Cohen, Mindy; Cohen, Neal H.; Cohen, Robert I.; Cohn, Stephan J.; Conran, Aisling; Cook, Richard I.; Coombs, Randall F.; Corda, David M.; Cormican, Daniel; Cousin, Darren; Cowell, Vincent S.; Cox, Lyndsey; Craigo, Paula A.; Cross, Richard C.; Cucchiara, Roy F.; Daily, William H.; Dalal, Gaurang; Dalal, Priti; Danekas, Michael; Darwish, Ahmed M.; Darwish, Ribal; Daves, Suanne M.; Davis, Kathleen; Davis, Peter J.; De Witt, Bracken J.; Delphin, Ellise; Deshpande, Seema; Desiderio, Dawn P.; Desvarieux, Tricia; Diaz, Laura K.; Diez, Christian; Dixit, Sanjay; Dogra, Meenakshi; Domino, Karen B.; Dorhauer, Kathryn; Dorman, Todd; Doussan, Don D.; Duke, James; Duncan, Ann C.; Dupont, Frank W.; Dziewit, Andrew; Easdown, L. Jane; Easley, R. Blaine; Ebert, Thomas J.; Eckmann, David M.; Egan, Talmage D.; Eisdorfer, Seth; Elkassabany, Nabil M.; Ellender, Ryan P.; Emory, Logan S.; Espinosa, Monique; Everett, Lucinda L.; Faraday, Nauder; Fehr, James J.; Feld, James M.; Fenton, Lynn A.; Ferguson, Laura H.; Fiegel, Matthew; Fields, Aaron M.; Finlayson, Gordon N.; Finley, Alan; Fischer, Gregory W.; Fiskum, Gary; Fitzpatrick, Molly; Flatto, Russell; Fleisher, Lee A.; Flower, Ronda; Folgueras, Annette G.; Forte, Patrick J.; Foss, Joseph F.; Fox, Charles J.; Furman, William R.; Gaiser, Robert; Gambling, David R.; Gardiner, Scott; Garvey, Matthew L.; Gaupp, Abraham C.; Gayer, Steven; Geiduschek, Jeremy M.; Gencorelli, Frank; Gewirtz, Eric; Ghani, Ghaleb A.; Gibbs, Charles P.; Gibson, Jeremy L.; Gilbert, Lori; Gingrich, Kevin J.; Ginsburg, Gregory; Giordano, Christopher; Goepfert, Christine E.; Gomez, Hernando; Gomez, Santiago; Goodman, Alanna E.; Goodman, Stephanie R.; Gottlieb, Alexandru; Gottlieb, Ori; Gottschalk, Allan; Goudra, Basavana Gouda; Gould, Harry J., III; Gravenstein, Nikolaus; Graybill, Megan; Greeley, William J.; Guffey, Patrick; Haddadin, Ala Sami; Hagen, John G.; Hakim, Karim Abdel; Hall, Michael; Halliday, N. James; Hannallah, Raafat S.; Hansen, Jeremy; Hanson, C. William, III; Hantler, Charles B.; Harris, Andrew P.; Hastie, Jonathan; Hawney, Henry A.; Heard, Stephen O.; Heavner, James E.; Hecker, James G.; Hein, Elizabeth A.; Heitmiller, Eugenie; Helfaer, Mark; Heller, Lori B.; Hemphill, Andrew; Hendrickse, Adrian; Hensley, Frederick A., Jr.; Herrick, Ian A.; Hester, Douglas; Heyer, Eric J.; Higgins, Michael S.; Hines, Roberta; Hogue, Charles W., Jr.; Holroyd, Kenneth J.; Holt, Natalie F.; Howell, Simon J.; Huda, Faisal; Hude, Keith E.; Hughes, Hayden R.; Hunter, James M., Jr.; Hymel, Brad J.; Ibinson, James W.; Iles, Karen E.; Insoft, Robert M.; Isono, Shiroh; Ivashkov, Yulia; Jachna, Bozena R.; Jankowska, Anna; Janosy, Norah; Jayaraman, Arun L.; Jimenez, Nathalia; Johnson, Judy G.; Jones, Lyndia; Jooste, Edmund H.; Kain, Zeev N.; Kalangie, Maudy; Kalarickal, Philip L.; Kamel, Ihab; Kang, Mia; Kangrga, Ivan; Kapoor, Ravish; Karl, Helen W.; Karsanac, Christopher; Karthik, Swaminathan; Katz, Jeffrey A.; Kaye, Alan; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaynar, A. Murat; Kenepp, Nancy B.; Kertai, Miklos D.; Keyes, Mary A.; Khan, Sarah; Khoche, Swapnil; Kim, David Y.; Kim, Jerry H.; King, Kimberly M.; Kirsch, Jeffrey; Klopman, Matthew A.; Knight, Paul R., III; Koblin, Donald D.; Kofke, W. Andrew; Kopp, Vincent J.; Koveleskie, Joseph R.; Kowalczyk, Courtney; Kozmenko, Valeriy V.; Krummen, Kaylyn; Kudchadkar, Sapna R.; Kudrick, Nathan; Kung, Adrienne; Kurth, C. Dean; Kyle, Robert; LaFleur, J. Lance; Lai, Jason G.; Lalwani, Kirk; Lanier, William L.; Larson, Dawn M.; Layman, Richard M.; Lee, Chris C.; Lema, Mark J.; Lenox, W. Casey; Leung, Jacqueline M.; Levitt, Roy C.; Levy, Jerrold H.; Lichtor, J. Lance; Lin, Charles; Lin, Sharon L.; Lindeman, Karen S.; Lirette, Lesley; Litman, Ronald S.; Liu, Qianjin; Liu, Renyu; Liu, Wen-Shin; Lockman, Justin; Loftness, Stanley L.; London, Martin J.; Lumb, Philip D.; Lupa, M. Concetta; Lynn, Anne Marie; Mahendran, Devi; Mako, Jeffrey; Malhotra, Anuj; Malhotra, Vinod; Malinow, Andrew M.; Mandabach, Mark G.; Mangano, Dennis T.; Mansoor, Sobia; Maranets, Inna; Mark, Jonathan B.; Markovic, Sinisa; Marsh, H. Michael; Martin, Choendal; Martin, Nicole D.; Martz, Douglas; Matei, Veronica A.; Mathews, Letha; Maxwell, Lynne G.; McArdle, Philip; McCarren, John P.; McClain, Brenda C.; McClure, Brian; McDade, William A.; McGoldrick, Kathryn E.; McGrath, Brian J.; McHugh, Gregory L.; McIlroy, David; McKeown, Jason; McLoughlin, Thomas M., Jr.; McRae, R. Yan; Meadow, William L.; Menda, Sameer; Merritt, William T.; Metro, David G.; Mets, Berend; Mikhaeil, Hosni; Miller, David W.; Miller, Jessica; Minhaj, Mohammed; Mirski, Marek A.; Mitter, Nanhi; Mittnacht, Alexander J.C.; Modak, Raj K.; Moine, Pierre; Monitto, Constance L.; Month, Richard C.; Moon, Richard E.; Moore, Laurel E.; Moore, Roger A.; Moore, Thomas A., II; Morrison, Debra E.; Moss, Jonathan; Moyers, John R.; Muir, Jesse J.; Munson-Young, Adam J.; Muravchick, Stanley; Murkin, John M.; Nagele, Peter; Nagi, Peter A.; Nahrwold, Daniel A.; Nahrwold, Michael L.; Naik, Madhavi; Navaratnam, Manchula; Nebbia, Stephan P.; Nelson, Priscilla; Nguyen, Thai T.; Nguyen, Viet; Nikolaidis, Stavroula; Nisnevitch, Zoulfira; Njoku, Dolores B.; Njoku, Mary J.; Norris, Edward J.; Nwokolo, Omonele O.; Nyhan, Daniel; O'Byrne, William T., III; Ochroch, Edward A.; Oken, Andrew; Orgain, Nathan; Oriol, Nancy E.; Orozco, Pedro; Ostermeier, Andreas M.; Ovassapian, Andranik; Ozcan, Mehmet S.; Padnos, Ira; Pai, Sheela S.; Pal, Nirvik; Palaniappan, Dhamodaran; Palmer, Susan K.; Palte, Howard D.; Pan, Wei; Panzer, Oliver; Pappachan, Sibi; Passannante, Anthony; Patel, Dennis A.; Patel, Dilipkumar K.; Patel, Kirit M.; Patel, Samir; Patel, Shalin; Pathak, Sanup; Patt, Minda L.; Pauldine, Ronald W.; Pawelek, Olga; Pawelek, Tim; Paydar, Kiarash; Pearl, Ronald G.; Peeters-Asdourian, Christine; Perela, Padmavathi R.; Petrovitch, Charise T.; Petrozza, Patricia H.; Phillips, Dennis; Phillips, Mark C.; Piefer, Christine; Pierre, Edgar J.; Pinson, S. William; Pivalizza, Evan G.; Planinsic, Raymond M.; Poldermans, Don; Pomerantz, Joel M.; Pope, Jason E.; Popescu, Wanda M.; Porche, Vivian H.; Porhomayon, Jahan; Portnoy, Dmitry; Postle, Corinne K.; Primeaux, Paul J.; Prough, Donald S.; Puskas, Ferenc; Puyo, Carlos A.; Quiggle, Forrest; Rabb, Mary; Rae, Bronwyn R.; Rafique, Muhammad B.; Raiten, Jesse M.; Rajagopal, Arvind; Rajagopal, Srinivasan; Rajpal, Gaurav; Ramamoorthy, Chandra; Rampil, Ira J.; Ramsay, James G.; Ramsey, James A.; Rao, Vidya N.; Ratsiu, Joana; Read, Selina; Reddy, Ronjeet; Reduque, Leila L.; Reich, David L.; Ricketts, Karene; Ricks, Cameron; Riedel, Bernhard; Rimal, Jyotsna; Rinehart, Joseph; Riopelle, James M.; Rizza, Stacey A.; Robertson, Amy C.; Robinson, Stephen; Rock, Peter; Rodriguez-Blanco, Yillam F.; Roizen, Michael F.; Roke, Daniel M.; Romeo, Ryan; Rosa, Joseph, III; Rosen, David A.; Rosen, Kathleen; Rosenbaum, Stanley H.; Rosenberg, Andrew D.; Rosenberg, Andrew L.; Rosenberg, Henry; Rosenblatt, Meg A.; Roth, Steven; Rothman, Brian; Rountree, Justin L.; Rowan, Matthew J.; Rozner, Marc; Rubin, Ryan; Rupp, Stephen M.; Russell, W. John; Russo, Thomas A.; Sabartinelli, Alecia L.; Sakai, Tetsuro; Salinas, Orlando J.; Samm, Paul L.; Samuel, Jibin; Sandven, Tor; Sanford, Ted J.; Sappenfield, Joshua W.; Saravanan, Ponnusamy; Sathishkumar, Subramanian; Schlichter, R. Alexander; Schnell, Eric; Schreibman, David L.; Schubert, Armin; Schulman, Peter; Schultz, Todd A.; Schwartz, Alan Jay; Schwartz, Jamie McElrath; Schwartz, Jeffrey J.; Scott, Benjamin K.; Seltzer, Joseph L.; Seres, Tamas; Sessler, Daniel I.; Sethna, Navil F.; Setty, Amar; Shabaz, Paul W.; Shah, Pranav; Shah, Saroj Mukesh; Sharifpour, Milad; Shay, Joanne; Shepherd, Jay; Shiffrin, Jeffrey S.; Shindell, Marina; Siker, Daniel; Silverman, Richard; Simon, Brett A.; Singh, Nina; Sinha, Ashish C.; Sladen, Robert N.; Slevin, Kieran A.; Sloan, Tod B.; Smith, Kathleen; Smith, Timothy E.; Smoot, Victoria; Snegovskikh, Denis; Soifer, Betsy Ellen; Solorzano, Molly; Sonner, James M.; Sophocles, Aris; Sparrow, James A.; Spiegel, Joan; Spiess, Bruce D.; Sripada, Ramprasad; Stead, Stanley W.; Stearns, Joshua D.; Stees, Kelly; Steffey, Clinton; Stemland, Christopher; Stene, John; Stephens, Christopher T.; Stierer, Tracey L.; Stokes, O. Jameson; Stolp, Bryant W.; Stowe, David F.; Strickland, Ted; Strom, Suzanne; Sullivan, Erin A.; Sumler, Michele; Sun, Dajin; Sun, Lena; Sung, Esther; Swanson, Veronica C.; Szolnoki, Judit; Talarico, Joe; Tan, Gee Mei; Tang, Darryl T.; Tarasi, Paul; Tempelhoff, René; Tetzlaff, John E.; Thorne, Alisa C.; Thung, Arlyne; Tilak, Vasanti; Tobin, Kate; Tobin, Joseph R.; Tobin, Michael J.; Todd, R. David; Tomlinson, Matthew; Toung, Thomas J.; Tran, Lien B.; Tran, Minh Chau Joe; Tremper, Kevin K.; Tsai, Sanyo; Tseng, George S.; Tuman, Kenneth J.; Tung, Avery; Tung, Cynthia; Twersky, Rebecca; Twite, Mark; Ulatowski, John A.; Urban, Michael; Vallejo, Manuel C.; Vannucci, Andrea; Varon, Albert J.; Vasudevan, Anasuya; Viswanathan, Susheela; Vitin, Alexander A.; Voelckel, Wolfgang; Walia, Ann; Wall, Russell T., III; Wallace, Terrence; Wang, Shu-Ming; Warltier, David C.; Waskell, Lucy; Watkins, Scott; Wedel, Denise; Weiss, Stuart J.; Weissman, Charles; Weitzel, Nathaen; Weller, Gregory; Whitney, Gina; Whittington, Robert A.; Wilkerson, Danny; Wilkes, Nancy C.; Williams, Michael; Windsor, Jimmy; Wittels, Bernard; Wolff, Gregory A.; Wong, Andrew K.; Woods, Stacie N.; Wright, A.J., III; Xie, Zheng; Young, Christopher C.; Yuan, Ian; Yudkowitz, Francine S.; Zaidan, James R.; Zanaboni, Paul; Zapol, Warren M.; Zimmerman, Angela; Zwass, Maurice S.

In Essence of Anesthesia Practice Edition: Third Edition. 2011:vii-xxxi

BROOKE, M. M.; MELVIN, DOROTHY M.; SAPPENFIELD, ROBERT; PAYNE, FRED; CARTER, F. R. N.; OFFUTT, A. C.; FRYE, W. W.

American Journal of Epidemiology; November 1955, Vol. 62 Issue: 3 p214-214, 1p

Hruslinski J; Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, Philadelphia, PA, USA.; Menio DA; Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, Philadelphia, PA, USA.; Hymes RA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Annandale, VA, USA.; Jaffe JD; Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Langlois C; Stroudsburg, PA, USA.; Ramsey L; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Annandale, VA, USA.; Gaskins LJ; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, USA; Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.; Neuman MD; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, USA; Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: neumanm@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.

Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0372541 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-6771 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00070912 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Br J Anaesth Subsets: MEDLINE

High Point Enterprise (High Point, NC). May 6, 2007

Neuman MD; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Feng R; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Carson JL; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Gaskins LJ; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Dillane D; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Sessler DI; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Sieber F; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Magaziner J; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Marcantonio ER; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Mehta S; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Menio D; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Ayad S; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Stone T; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Papp S; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Schwenk ES; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Elkassabany N; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Marshall M; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Jaffe JD; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Luke C; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Sharma B; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Azim S; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Hymes RA; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Chin KJ; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Sheppard R; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Perlman B; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Sappenfield J; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Hauck E; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Hoeft MA; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Giska M; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Ranganath Y; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Tedore T; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Choi S; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Li J; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Kwofie MK; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Nader A; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Sanders RD; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Allen BFS; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Vlassakov K; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Kates S; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Fleisher LA; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Dattilo J; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Tierney A; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Stephens-Shields AJ; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).; Ellenberg SS; From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (R.F., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), and Orthopedic Surgery (S.M.) and the Centers for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (M.D.N., L.J.G., N.E., L.A.F.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R.F., J.D., A.T., A.J.S.-S., S.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, the Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University (E.S.S.), the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (D.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (E.H.), Philadelphia; the Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (J.L.C.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.D.), the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (T.S.), the Division of Orthopaedics, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, Ottawa (S.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto (K.-J.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.C.), Toronto, and the Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS (M.K.K.) - all in Canada; the Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (D.I.S., S. Ayad); the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (F.S.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine (J.M.) - both in Baltimore; the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.V.), Boston, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (B.S.) - all in Massachusetts; the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health (M.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center (T.T.), New York, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook (S. Azim) - all in New York; the Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.J.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (C.L.); the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church (R.A.H.), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (S.K.) - both in Virginia; the Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford (R.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.L.) - both in Connecticut; Division of Hospital Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (B.P.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (J.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Vermont Larner School of Medicine, Burlington, VT (M.A.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.G.); the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Y.R.); the Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.N.); Specialty of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Sydney (R.D.S.); and the Division of Multispecialty Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.F.S.A.).

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Sappenfield, Bert R.. Montana State University, MT, US

Psychological Bulletin, Vol 44(5), Sep, 1947. pp. 482-483.