학술논문
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Document Type
Author
Stanaway, Jeffrey D.; Afshin, Ashkan; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Lim, Stephen S.; Abate, Degu; Abate, Kalkidan Hassen; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbasi, Nooshin; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdela, Jemal; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi; Abebe, Molla; Abebe, Zegeye; Abera, Semaw F.; Abil, Olifan Zewdie; Abraha, Haftom Niguse; Abrham, Aklilu Roba; Abu-Raddad, Laith J.; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E.; Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou; Acharya, Dilaram; Acharya, Pawan; Adamu, Abdu A; Adane, Akilew Awoke; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji; Adekanmbi, Victor; Ademi, Zanfina; Adetokunboh, Olatunji; Adib, Mina G.; Admasie, Amha; Adsuar, Jose C.; Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko; Afarideh, Mohsen; Agarwal, Gina; Aggarwal, Anju; Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi; Agrawal, Anurag; Agrawal, Sutapa; Ahmadi, Alireza; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Aichour, Amani Nidhal; Aichour, Ibtihel; Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine; Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil; Akinyemiju, Tomi F.; Akseer, Nadia; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Al-Eyadhy, Ayman; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.; Alahdab, Fares; Alam, Khurshid; Alam, Samiah; Alam, Tahiya; Alashi, Alaa; Alavian, Seyed Moayed; Alene, Kefyalew Addis; Ali, Komal; Ali, Syed Mustafa; Alijanzadeh, Mehran; Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza; Aljunid, Syed M.; Alkerwi, Ala'a; Alla, François; Alsharif, Ubai; Altirkawi, Khalid; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Amare, Azmeraw T.; Ammar, Walid; Anber, Nahla; Anderson, Jason A.; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Androudi, Sofia; Animut, Megbaru Debalkie; Anjomshoa, Mina; Ansha, Mustafa Geleto; Antó, Josep M.; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Anwari, Palwasha; Appiah, Lambert Tetteh; Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw; Arabloo, Jalal; Aremu, Olatunde; Ärnlöv, Johan; Artaman, Al; Aryal, Krishna Kumar; Asayesh, Hamid; Ataro, Zerihun; Ausloos, Marcel; Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur; Awasthi, Ashish; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Ayer, Rakesh; Ayuk, Tambe Betrand; Azzopardi, Peter S.; Babazadeh, Arefeh; Badali, Hamid; Badawi, Alaa; Balakrishnan, Kalpana; Bali, Ayele Geleto; Ball, Kylie; Ballew, Shoshana H.; Banach, Maciej; Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar; Barac, Aleksandra; Barker-Collo, Suzanne L.; Bärnighausen, Till; Barrero, Lope H.; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T.; Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Behzadifar, Masoud; Behzadifar, Meysam; Béjot, Yannick; Bekele, Bayu Begashaw; Bekru, Eyasu Tamru; Belay, Ezra; Belay, Yihalem Abebe; Bell, Michelle L.; Bello, Aminu K.; Bennett, Derrick A.; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Bergeron, Gilles; Berhane, Adugnaw; Bernabe, Eduardo; Bernstein, Robert S.; Beuran, Mircea; Beyranvand, Tina; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhalla, Ashish; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Biadgo, Belete; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Bilano, Ver; Bililign, Nigus; Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin; Bisanzio, Donal; Biswas, Tuhin; Bjorge, Tone; Blacker, Brigette F; Bleyer, Archie; Borschmann, Rohan; Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R.; Boufous, Soufiane; Bourne, Rupert; Brady, Oliver Jerome; Brauer, Michael; Brazinova, Alexandra; Breitborde, Nicholas J.K.; Brenner, Hermann; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich; Britton, Gabrielle; Brugha, Traolach S.; Buchbinder, Rachelle; Burnett, Richard T; Busse, Reinhard; Butt, Zahid A.; Cahill, Leah E; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero; Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo; Cárdenas, Rosario; Carreras, Giulia; Carrero, Juan Jesus; Carvalho, Felix; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo; Castro, Franz; Catalá-López, Ferrán; Causey, Kate; Cercy, Kelly; Cerin, Ester; Chaiah, Yazan; Chang, Hsing-Yi; Chang, Jung-Chen; Chang, Kai-Lan; Charlson, Fiona J; Chattopadhyay, Aparajita; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chee, Miao Li; Cheng, Ching-Yu; Chew, Adrienne; Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia; Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel; Chin, Ken Lee; Chitheer, Abdulaal; Choi, Jee-Young J.; Chowdhury, Rajiv; Christensen, Hanne; Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas; Chung, Sheng-Chia; Cicuttini, Flavia M; Cirillo, Massimo; Cohen, Aaron J.; Collado-Mateo, Daniel; Cooper, Cyrus; Cooper, O.R.; Coresh, Josef; Cornaby, Leslie; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Cortinovis, Monica; Costa, Megan; Cousin, Ewerton; Criqui, Michael H.; Cromwell, Elizabeth A.; Cundiff, David K; Daba, Alemneh Kabeta; Dachew, Berihun Assefa; Dadi, Abel Fekadu; Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Darby, Sarah C; Dargan, Paul I; Daryani, Ahmad; Gupta, Rajat Das; Das Neves, José; Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye; Dash, Aditya Prasad; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; Davletov, Kairat; De La Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa; La Hoz, Fernando Pio De; De Leo, Diego; Neve, Jan-Walter De; Degenhardt, Louisa; Deiparine, Selina; Dellavalle, Robert P.; Demoz, Gebre; Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar; Deribe, Kebede; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Deshpande, Aniruddha; Des Jarlais, Don C.; Dessie, Getenet Ayalew; Deveber, Gabrielle Aline; Dey, Subhojit; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dhimal, Meghnath; Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese; Ding, Eric L; Diro, Helen Derara; Djalalinia, Shirin; Do, Huyen Phuc; Dokova, Klara; Doku, David Teye; Doyle, Kerrie E; Driscoll, Tim R.; Dubey, Manisha; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Duken, Eyasu Ejeta; Duncan, Bruce Bartholow; Duraes, Andre R; Ebert, Natalie; Ebrahimi, Hedyeh; Ebrahimpour, Soheil; Edvardsson, David; Effiong, Andem; Eggen, Anne Elise; Bcheraoui, Charbel El; El-Khatib, Ziad; Elyazar, Iqbal Rf; Enayati, Ahmadali; Endries, Aman Yesuf; Er, Benjamin; Erskine, Holly E; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esteghamati, Alireza; Estep, Kara; Fakhim, Hamed; Faramarzi, Mahbobeh; Fareed, Mohammad; Farid, Talha A; Farinha, Carla Sofia Esá; Farioli, Andrea; Faro, André; Farvid, Maryam S; Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein; Fatima, Batool; Fay, Kairsten A; Fazaeli, Ali Akbar; Feigin, Valery L.; Feigl, Andrea B.; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Fernandes, João C.; Ferrara, Giannina; Ferrari, Alize J; Ferreira, Manuela L; Filip, Irina; Finger, Jonas David; Fischer, Florian; Foigt, Nataliya; Foreman, Kyle J.; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Fullman, Nancy; Fürst, Thomas; Furtado, Joao M; Futran, Neal D.; Gall, Seana; Gallus, Silvano; Gamkrelidze, Amiran; Ganji, Morsaleh; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L; Gardner, William M; Gebre, Abadi Kahsu; Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay; Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo; Gelano, Tilayie Feto; Geleijnse, Johanna M.; Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea; Gething, Peter W.; Gezae, Kebede Embaye; Ghadimi, Reza; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghasemi Falavarjani, Khalil; Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam; Ghimire, Mamata; Ghosh, Rakesh; Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal; Giampaoli, Simona; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K; Gillum, Richard F; Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed; Giussani, Giorgia; Gnedovskaya, Elena V; Godwin, William W.; Goli, Srinivas; Gómez-Dantés, Hector; Gona, Philimon N.; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho; Grada, Ayman; Grams, Morgan E; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Tanush; Gutiérrez, Reyna Alma; Gutiérrez-Torres, Daniela S; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie; Hachinski, Vladimir; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Hagos, Tekleberhan B; Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa; Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi; Hamidi, Samer; Handal, Alexis J; Hankey, Graeme J.; Hao, Yuantao; Harb, Hilda L.; Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai; Haro, Josep Maria; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hassen, Hamid Yimam; Havmoeller, Rasmus; Hawley, Caitlin; Hay, Simon I.; Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar; Heibati, Behzad; Heidari, Behnam; Heidari, Mohsen; Hendrie, Delia; Henok, Andualem; Heredia-Pi, Ileana; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; Heydarpour, Sousan; Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw; Higazi, Tarig B; Hilawe, Esayas Haregot; Hoek, Hans W.; Hoffman, Howard J; Hole, Michael K; Homaie Rad, Enayatollah; Hoogar, Praveen; Hosgood, H. Dean; Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Hoy, Damian G.; Hsairi, Mohamed; Hsiao, Thomas; Hu, Guoqing; Hu, Howard; Huang, John J.; Hussen, Mamusha Aman; Huynh, Chantal K; Iburg, Kim Moesgaard; Ikeda, Nayu; Ilesanmi, Olayinka S.; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Irvine, Caleb M.S.; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islami, Farhad; Jackson, Maria D; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jahangiry, Leila; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jain, Sudhir Kumar; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; James, Spencer L.; Jassal, Simerjot K; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S; Jonas, Jost B.; Jonnagaddala, Jitendra; Shushtari, Zahra Jorjoran; Joshi, Ankur; Józwiak, Jacek; Jürisson, Mikk; Kabir, Zubair; Kahsay, Amaha; Kalani, Rizwan; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kant, Surya; Kar, Chittaranjan; Karami, Manoochehr; Matin, Behzad Karami; Karch, André; Karema, Corine Kakizi; Karimi, Narges; Karimi, Seyed M.; Kasaeian, Amir; Kassa, Dessalegn Haile; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale; Kassebaum, Nicholas J; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kaul, Anil; Kawakami, Norito; Kazemi, Zhila; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Kefale, Adane Teshome; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Kemp, Grant Rodgers; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Keren, Andre; Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaei, Behzad; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khajavi, Alireza; Khalid, Nauman; Khalil, Ibrahim A.; Khan, Gulfaraz; Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb; Khan, Muhammad Ali; Khang, Young-Ho; Khater, Mona M.; Khazaei, Mohammad; Khazaie, Habibolah; Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah; Khosravi, Ardeshir; Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein; Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad; Kiirithio, Daniel Ngari; Kim, Cho-Il; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Young-Eun; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kisa, Adnan; Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna; Kivimäki, Mika; Knibbs, Luke D; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kochhar, Sonali; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Kolola, Tufa; Kopec, Jacek A.; Kosen, Soewarta; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Koyanagi, Ai; Kravchenko, Michael; Krishan, Kewal; Krohn, Kristopher J.; Kromhout, Hans; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kuzin, Igor; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe; Lachat, Carl; Lad, Deepesh Pravinkumar; Lad, Sheetal D; Lafranconi, Alessandra; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lallukka, Tea; Lami, Faris Hasan; Lang, Justin J.; Lansingh, Van C.; Larson, Samantha Leigh; Latifi, Arman; Lazarus, Jeffrey Victor; Lee, Paul H; Leigh, James; Leili, Mostafa; Leshargie, Cheru Tesema; Leung, Janni; Levi, Miriam; Lewycka, Sonia; Li, Shanshan; Li, Yichong; Liang, Juan; Liang, Xiaofeng; Liao, Yu; Liben, Misgan Legesse; Lim, Lee-Ling; Linn, Shai; Liu, Shiwei; Lodha, Rakesh; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Lopez, Alan D.; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lozano, Rafael; Lucas, Timothy C.D.; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Ma, Stefan; Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King; Machado, Ísis Eloah; Madotto, Fabiana; Mai, Hue Thi; Majdan, Marek; Majdzadeh, Reza; Majeed, Azeem; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A; Manda, Ana-Laura; Manguerra, Helena; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mantovani, Lorenzo G.; Maravilla, Joemer C; Marcenes, Wagner; Marks, Ashley; Martin, Randall V; Martins, Sheila Cristina Ouriques; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio; März, Winfried; Marzan, Melvin B; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Mathur, Manu Raj; Mathur, Prashant; Matsushita, Kunihiro; Maulik, Pallab K; Mazidi, Mohsen, 1989; McAlinden, Colm; McGrath, John J.; McKee, Martin; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mehta, Kala M.; Mehta, Varshil; Meier, Toni; Mekonnen, Fantahun Ayenew; Melaku, Yohannes A; Melese, Addisu; Melku, Mulugeta; Memiah, Peter; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese; Mensah, George A.; Mensink, Gert B M; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Millear, Anoushka; Miller, Ted R.; Miller-Petrie, Molly Katherine; Mini, G.K.; Mirarefin, Mojde; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Misganaw, Awoke; Mitiku, Habtamu; Moazen, Babak; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mohammadi, Moslem; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohebi, Farnam; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molokhia, Mariam; Momeniha, Fatemeh; Monasta, Lorenzo; Moodley, Yoshan; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradinazar, Mehdi; Moraga, Paula; Morawska, Lidia; Morgado-Da-costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane D.; Moschos, Marilita M; Mouodi, Simin; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Mozaffarian, Dariush; Mruts, Kalayu Brhane; Muche, Achenef Asmamaw; Muchie, Kindie Fentahun; Mueller, Ulrich O.; Muhammed, Oumer Sada S.; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath; Muller, Kate; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Mustafa, Ghulam; Nabhan, Ashraf F.; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naheed, Aliya; Nahvijou, Azin; Naik, Gurudatta A.; Naik, Nitish; Najafi, Farid; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie Njingang; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Neal, Bruce; Neamati, Nahid; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Neupane, Subas; Newton, Charles R.; Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku; Nguyen, Anh Quynh; Nguyen, Grant; Nguyen, Ha Thu; Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi; Nguyen, Huong Thanh; Nguyen, Minh; Nguyen, Nam Ba; Nichols, Emma; Nie, Jing; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Nirayo, Yirga Legesse; Nishi, Nobuo; Nixon, Molly R.; Nojomi, Marzieh; Nomura, Shuhei; Norheim, Ole F.; Noroozi, Mehdi; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques N.; Nouri, Hamid Reza; Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour; Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza; Nsoesie, Elaine O.; Nyasulu, Peter S; Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf; Odell, Christopher M; Ofori-Asenso, Richard; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oh, In-Hwan; Oladimeji, Olanrewaju; Olagunju, Andrew Toyin; Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi; Olivares, Pedro R.; Olsen, Helen E.; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Ong, Kanyin; Ong, Sok King; Oren, Eyal; Orpana, Heather M; Ortiz, Alberto; Ota, Erika; Otstavnov, Stanislav S; Overland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo; Mahesh, P.; Pacella, Rosana; Pakhare, Abhijit P; Pakpour, Amir H; Pana, Adrian; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Park, Eun-Kee; Parry, Charles D H; Parsian, Hadi; Patel, Shanti; Pati, Sanghamitra; Patil, Snehal T.; Patle, Ajay; Patton, George C.; Paudel, Deepak; Paulson, Katherine R; Ballesteros, Wayra Citlali Paz; Pearce, Neil; Pereira, Alexandre; Pereira, David M.; Perico, Norberto; Pesudovs, Konrad; Petzold, Max; Pham, Hai Quang; Phillips, Michael Robert; Pillay, Julian David; Piradov, Michael A.; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Pischon, Tobias; Pishgar, Farhad; Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer; Plass, Dietrich; Polinder, Suzanne; Polkinghorne, Kevan R; Postma, Maarten J.; Poulton, Richie; Pourshams, Akram; Poustchi, Hossein; Prabhakaran, Dorairaj; Prakash, Swayam; Prasad, Narayan; Purcell, Caroline; Purwar, Manorama B; Qorbani, Mostafa; Radfar, Amir; Rafay, Anwar; Rafiei, Alireza; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi, Zohreh; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rai, Rajesh Kumar; Rajati, Fatemeh; Rajsic, Sasa; Raju, Sree Bhushan; Ram, Usha; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Ranjan, Prabhat; Rath, Goura Kishor; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Reddy, K Srinath; Rehm, Colin D; Rehm, Jürgen; Reiner, Robert C.; Reitsma, Marissa B.; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renzaho, Andre M.N.; Resnikoff, Serge; Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz Myriam; Rezaei, Satar; Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P.; Rivera, Juan A.; Roba, Kedir Teji; Rodríguez-Ramírez, Sonia; Roever, Leonardo; Román, Yesenia; Ronfani, Luca; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Rostami, Ali; Roth, Gregory A.; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Roy, Ambuj; Rubagotti, Enrico; Rushton, Lesley; Sabanayagam, Charumathi; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Safari, Hosein; Safari, Yahya; Safari-Faramani, Roya; Safdarian, Mahdi; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sajadi, Haniye Sadat; Salam, Nasir; Salamati, Payman; Saleem, Zikria; Salimi, Yahya; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salomon, Joshua A.; Salvi, Devashri Digvijay; Salz, Inbal; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan Ramon; Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores; Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G; Sanders, Taren; Sang, Yingying; Santomauro, Damian; Santos, Itamar S.; Santos, Joao Vasco; Milicevic, Milena M Santric; Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao; Sardana, Mayank; Sarker, Abdur Razzaque; Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sarvi, Shahabeddin; Sathian, Brijesh; Satpathy, Maheswar; Sawant, Arundhati R.; Sawhney, Monika; Saylan, Mete I.; Sayyah, Mehdi; Schaeffner, Elke; Schmidt, Maria Inês; Schneider, Ione J. 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L.
Source
The Lancet. 392(10159):1923-1994
Subject
Language
English
ISSN
1474-547X
0140-6736
0140-6736
Abstract
Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk- outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.