학술논문
Out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditure and its determinants among Iranian households with elderly members: a double-hurdle model
Document Type
Academic Journal
Author
Source
Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation. February 19, 2024, Vol. 22 Issue 1
Subject
Language
English
ISSN
1478-7547
Abstract
Author(s): Mehran Faraji[sup.1], Tahereh Sharifi[sup.2], Saeed Mohammad-pour[sup.1], Javad Javan-Noughabi[sup.3,4], Ali Aboutorabi[sup.1], Shaghayegh yousefi[sup.5] and Mihajlo Jakovljevic[sup.6,7,8] Introduction Recently, population pyramid structure have shifted significantly [1]. The relative number of older [...]
Objectives The population of older adults continues to grow in Iran, with pharmaceutical costs as a leading driver of household health-related costs. The present study was conducted to estimate the out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditure and its socioeconomic predictors among households with the elderly in Iran. Method This study is a secondary analysis using 2019 national household expenditure and income survey data in Iran. The sample size was 9381 households with at least one member older than 65. The double-hurdle model in STATA 16 was used to examine the association between independent variables and households' out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditures. Results The mean out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditures for each household with elderly member was $8065 per year. There was a positive association between the (female) gender of the household head, urban residence, employment status, insurance expenditure and a higher level of education of the head of the household with the out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditures (P < 0.05). The income of elderly households did not affect these expenditures (P > 0.05). Conclusions This study showed that the socioeconomic characteristics of elderly families not only influenced their decision to enter the medicine market, but also the rate of medicine purchase. It is helpful to manage and control the pharmaceutical costs among the elderly. Keywords: Iran, Aged, Health expenditures, Economics, Pharmaceutical, Socioeconomic factors
Objectives The population of older adults continues to grow in Iran, with pharmaceutical costs as a leading driver of household health-related costs. The present study was conducted to estimate the out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditure and its socioeconomic predictors among households with the elderly in Iran. Method This study is a secondary analysis using 2019 national household expenditure and income survey data in Iran. The sample size was 9381 households with at least one member older than 65. The double-hurdle model in STATA 16 was used to examine the association between independent variables and households' out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditures. Results The mean out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditures for each household with elderly member was $8065 per year. There was a positive association between the (female) gender of the household head, urban residence, employment status, insurance expenditure and a higher level of education of the head of the household with the out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditures (P < 0.05). The income of elderly households did not affect these expenditures (P > 0.05). Conclusions This study showed that the socioeconomic characteristics of elderly families not only influenced their decision to enter the medicine market, but also the rate of medicine purchase. It is helpful to manage and control the pharmaceutical costs among the elderly. Keywords: Iran, Aged, Health expenditures, Economics, Pharmaceutical, Socioeconomic factors