부산대학교 도서관

1. Customary harvests of wildlife underpin the livelihoods, cultural identities, well‐being and ecological knowledge of many Indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLC), whereas government restrictions on harvests can erode these relationships. Supporting IPLC in place‐based resource management, including sustainable customary harvests, can aid wildlife, their habitat and the cultures that value them. 2. Using an experiment jointly initiated by the Māori tribe Ngāi Tahu and researchers (Māori and non‐Māori) in Aotearoa/New Zealand, we identified low‐impact strategies for harvesting black swan (kakī anau, Cygnus atratus) eggs at an important coastal lagoon, Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere. The experiment tested whether nest‐level hatching success (number of eggs hatched) depended on nest‐level harvest pressure; whether this effect was additive; and the extent to which harvest influenced post‐harvest egg laying and hatching probability, relative to several control variables. 3. Nest‐level harvest pressure determined nest‐level hatching success and had a non‐additive effect on population‐level hatching success. Specifically, harvesting one‐third or two‐thirds of a clutch caused a loss of approximately one hatchling per egg removed, because swans tended to replace few of those harvested eggs and hatching probability of unharvested eggs was generally high (but lower in nests with two‐thirds of eggs removed). Conversely, harvesting an entire clutch caused a loss of approximately one hatchling for every two eggs removed, because swans often subsequently re‐laid new, albeit smaller, clutches. 4. During fixed‐output harvests, removing entire clutches early during nesting could induce re‐laying and prevent abandonment of unharvested eggs. Moreover, harvesting from areas of nesting colonies with low nest density, where hatching probability of unharvested eggs was lowest, could limit disturbance. Finally, restoring foraging habitat in degraded wetlands surrounding nutrient‐overloaded waterbodies could offset eutrophication effects by providing plant resources that swans require to lay eggs indeterminately. 5. In addition to improving IPLC well‐being, implementing strategies such as these could enhance place‐based resource management by supporting IPLC engagement with nature, which increases the number and detection resolution of ecological feedbacks (e.g. population numbers, habitat conditions) and resilience to environmental change. Moreover, customary harvest could be a practical, culturally appropriate and less wasteful alternative to non‐consumptive culling for mitigating human–wildlife conflict (e.g. waterfowl grazing on pasture). A free http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pan3.10196/suppinfoPlain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. He Kōrero Waitara: 1. E taupua ana te kohikohi kararehe i te oranga, tuakiri ahurea, ora, me ngā mōhio hauropi o te maha o ngā iwi taketake me ngā hapori (IPLC), ā, ko tā ngā whakatiki a te kāwanatanga he whakanoa i ēnei hononga. Mā te tautoko i te IPLC i roto i ngā whakahaerenga rawa ā‐wāhi, tae atu ki ngā kohikohi kai tuku iho toitū, ka āwhina i ngā kararehe, tae atu ki ngā nōhanga, me ngā ahurea e uara ana i ēnei. 2. Mā te whakamahi i tētahi whakamātautau i tīmata tahitia e Ngāi Tahu me ngā kairangahau (Māori me tauiwi) i Aotearoa, i kitea e mātau ngā rautaki pānga iti mō te kohikohi i ngā hua kakī anau (Cygnus atratus) i tētahi hāroto takutai hira, Te Waihora. I whakamātautauria e tēnei aromatawai mēnā e whirinaki ana te nui o ngā hua i paopaotia i te kōhanga ki ngā pēhanga kohikohi i te kōhanga; mēnā he tāpiripiri te pānga; me te whānuitanga o te whai pānga o ngā kohikohinga ki te whakawhānau hua i muri i te kohikohinga me te tūponotanga whakawhānau, e ai ki ngā taurangitanga. 3. Kei te pēhanga kohikohi i te kōhanga te angitu o te whakawhānau i te kōhanga me tētahi pānga tāpiripiri‐kore ki te angitu whakawhānau ā‐taupori. Otirā, nā te kohikohi i tētahi hautoru, rua hautoru rānei o tētahi kohinga he tata pea ki te kotahi pīpī ka ngaro mō ia hua ka tangohia, i te mea i te nuinga o te wā he iti iho ngā hua ka whakakapitia e ngā kakī anau, ā, ko te tūpono paopaotanga o ngā hua kāore i kohikohia he āhua teitei tonu (engari he iti iho i ngā kōhanga he rua hautoru te tangohanga o ngā hua). Otirā, i te kohitanga o tētahi kohinga hua tata tonu i ngaro tētahi pīpī mō ia hua e rua i tangohia, i te mea whakawhānau anō ai ngā kakī anau i ngā kohinga hua hou, iti iho hoki. 4. I ngā wā kohikohi noa, mēnā ka tōmua te tango i ngā kohinga hua i te wā whakakōpae ka whakahau anō pea kia whakawhānau anō, ā, kia kore ai e whakarērea ngā hua kāore i kohia. Waihoki, mā te kohikohi mai i ngā wāhi e whakakōpae ana ngā kāhui me te iti o ngā kōhanga, e tino iti rawa ai te tūponotanga he iti ngā hua kāore i kohia, ka whakaiti i te whakararutanga. Hei whakamutunga, mā te whakaora i te nōhanga raparapa kai i ngā whenua reporepo kua kino haere e pae ana i ngā wai kī tonu i te para ka whakatautika pea i ngā pānga o te whakamatūkainga me te nui rawa o ngā taiora mā te whakarato i ngā mea tipu e hiahiatia ana e ngā kakī ānau te whakawhānau hākirikiri i ana hua. 5. I tua atu i te whakapai ake i te ora o te IPLC, mā te whakatinana i ngā rautaki pēnei i ēnei ka whakarākei ake pea i te whakahaere rawa ā‐tipu mā te tautoko i te whai wāhi a te IPCL ki te ao tūroa, ā, ka piki pea te maha me te kitenga o ngā urupare hauropi (hei tauira, te maha o te taupori, ngā āhuatanga nōhanga), me te tū pakari ki te huringa ā‐taio. Waihoki, ka noho pea ko te kohikohi tuku iho tētahi āhuatanga whaikiko, tika i raro i ngā tikanga, me te kore moumou, kaua te whakawātea me te kore whakapeto kia kore ai e pā mai te tukituki i waenga tangata me te kararehe (hei tauira, ngā manu wai kai otaota).
INTRODUCTION Harvests of wildlife have sustained and shaped many cultures over centuries (McGovern et al., 2006; Moss & Bowers, 2007; Tyrrell, 2008). For instance, wild birds and their eggs can [...]