부산대학교 도서관

Keywords human population history; ancient DNA; migration; nomadic pastoralists; Eastern Steppe; Mongolia; Xiongnu empire; Mongol empire Highlights * Genome-wide analysis of 214 ancient individuals from Mongolia and the Baikal region * Three genetically distinct dairy pastoralist groups in Late Bronze Age Mongolia * Xiongnu nomadic empire formed through mixing of distinct local and distant groups * No selection on the lactase persistence alleles despite 5,000 years of dairy culture Summary The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany (2) School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea (3) Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany (4) Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA (5) Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (6) Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, Bonn 53113, Germany (7) Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia (8) Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia (9) Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Bayanzurkh district, Ulaanbaatar 13343, Mongolia (10) Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia (11) International Institute for the Study of Nomadic Civilizations, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia (12) National Centre for Cultural Heritage of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia (13) Institute of History and Ethnology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia (14) University of Khovd, Khovd province, Khovd 84179, Mongolia (15) Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia (16) Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690001, Russia (17) Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia (18) Department of Museology and Heritage, Faculty of Social and Cultural Activities, Heritage, and Tourism, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, East Siberian State Institute of Culture, Ulan-Ude 670031, Russia (19) Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (20) Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 02134, Germany (21) BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK (22) Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA * Corresponding author Article History: Received 8 January 2020; Revised 12 March 2020; Accepted 7 October 2020 (miscellaneous) Published: November 5, 2020 (footnote)23 These authors contributed equally (footnote)24 Lead Contact Byline: Choongwon Jeong [cwjeong@snu.ac.kr] (1,2,23,*), Ke Wang (1,23), Shevan Wilkin (3), William Timothy Treal Taylor (3,4), Bryan K. Miller (3,5), Jan H. Bemmann (6), Raphaela Stahl (1), Chelsea Chiovelli (1), Florian Knolle (1), Sodnom Ulziibayar (7), Dorjpurev Khatanbaatar (8), Diimaajav Erdenebaatar (9), Ulambayar Erdenebat (10), Ayudai Ochir (11), Ganbold Ankhsanaa (12), Chuluunkhuu Vanchigdash (8), Battuga Ochir (13), Chuluunbat Munkhbayar (14), Dashzeveg Tumen (10), Alexey Kovalev (15), Nikolay Kradin (16,17), Bilikto A. Bazarov (17), Denis A. Miyagashev (17), Prokopiy B. Konovalov (17), Elena Zhambaltarova (18), Alicia Ventresca Miller (3,19), Wolfgang Haak (1), Stephan Schiffels (1), Johannes Krause (1,20), Nicole Boivin (3), Myagmar Erdene (10), Jessica Hendy (1,21), Christina Warinner [warinner@fas.harvard.edu] (1,20,22,24,**)