부산대학교 도서관

Keywords: dementia; modified Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS-M); normative data; regression-based norms; robust norms OBJECTIVES Telephone-based cognitive screens, such as the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS), can potentially reduce the barriers and costs of assessing older adults. However, validation of clinically relevant psychometric properties is lacking in a large and comprehensively assessed sample of older adults. Furthermore, published normative data may lack sensitivity as they have not used regression-based demographic corrections or accounted for cases with subsequent dementia. We address these gaps using the modified TICS (TICS-M; a modified, 13-item, 39-point version) and provide an online norms calculator for clinicians and researchers. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal study. SETTING Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS A total of 617 community-living older adults, aged from 71 to 91years. MEASUREMENTS The measures used included the TICS-M, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R), and a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Descriptive statistics, correlations, area under the curve, and regression analyses were used to determine the validity and normative properties of the TICS-M. RESULTS TICS-M total scores (mean = 24.20; SD = 3.76) correlated well with the MMSE (0.70) and ACE-R (0.80) and moderately with neuropsychological tests tested noncontemporaneously. A cutoff score of 21 or lower reliably distinguished between those with and without incident dementia after 1year (sensitivity = 77%; specificity = 88%) but was less reliable at distinguishing mild cognitive impairment from normal cognition. TICS-M scores decreased with age and increased with higher education levels. The robust normative sample, which excluded incident dementia cases, scored higher on the TICS-M and with less variability than the whole sample. An online calculator is provided to compute regression-based norms and reliable change statistics. CONCLUSIONS In a large sample of community-dwelling older adults, the TICS-M performed well in terms of construct validity against typical screening tools and neuropsychological measures and diagnostic validity for incident dementia. The comprehensive, regression-based, and robust normative data provided will help improve the sensitivity, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness of cognitive testing with older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2108-2115, 2019 CAPTION(S): Supplementary Material S1. MAS method of determining years of education. Supplementary Material S2. Description of equations used for reliable change index (RCI). Supplementary Material S3. Description of equations used for regression-based normative data. Supplementary Table S1. Correlations between MMSE total score and neuropsychological tests (waves 1 and 2). Supplementary Table S2. Sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values for TICS-M scores to classify persons with and without incident dementia or MCI. Supplementary Table S3. Comparison of age and education between robust and incident dementia samples. Supplementary File S1. TICS-M norms calculator. Byline: Adam C. Bentvelzen, John D. Crawford, Adam Theobald, Kate Maston, Melissa J. Slavin,Simone Reppermund,Kristan Kang,Katya Numbers,Henry Brodaty,Perminder Sachdev,Nicole A. Kochan