부산대학교 도서관

在我国司法实践中，公司违反章程签订的对外担保合同的效力如何认定存在分歧，原因在于《公司法》第16条的违反后果并不明确. 这样的裁判困境可以在很大程度上通过《合同法》第50条获得解决. 这意味着关注章程规定对交易各方当事人影响的必要性. 尽管《公司法》第11条将公司章程的约束对象仅限于公司、股东、董事、监事及高管，公司章程效力已经对外扩张，特定第三人在某些情况下也要接受公司章程的约束，这已成为现实必要. 从商业登记的对外效力来看，随着公司设立登记之完成，其规定之事项即得对抗第三人，具有当然的对外效力；从善意第三人保护来看，经过商业登记的公司章程必然会对第三人施加一定程度的影响，第三人知悉其内容成为了一种可能，在很多时候应当知道章程内容；从与公司交易的注意义务分配的角度来看，章程表达了公司组织体合意形成的共同意志和交易要求，也是第三人知晓公司交易意思以及了解公司宗旨规模、组织机构、运作机制等信息的重要文件. 如果否定章程效力向第三人扩张势必容易造成双方交易义务严重失衡的局面，进而背离了交易公平的价值目标. 并且，章程效力对外扩张具备理论基础，从合同相对性理论来看，借助于登记和公开的程序，公司章程这种特殊合同的效力相对性弱化更为明显；从帕累托改进标准来看，如果从事前视角出发而判决公司违反章程与第三人订立的合同无效，会对第三人直接产生良好的行为动因. 应当对章程规定约束相关方的效力进行分层设计，关于对外约束与对内约束的程度区分，前者应弱于后者；关于第三人范围的类型化，对于受到章程某种程度约束的第三人的范围，现今以债权人为主，对其他主体应持谨慎态度严格限制，不宜扩大；关于章程条款的类型化，涉及法定主体权利义务责任的条款和有关非法定主体权利义务责任的条款的对外效力也有强弱之分. 据此，应理性对待《公司法》第11条. 在未来立法中，有必要对现行《公司法》第11条作补充：“公司章程在一定条件下对债权人具有一定程度的约束力.”其二，法官应尊重市场交易客观实际以及有关惯例，在特定场合充分考虑章程规定对债权人的某种程度的限制，以实现交易公平.
In the judicial practice of China, there is a disagreement about the validity of the company's guarantee contract which breach of the corporation articles, because the consequences of Article 16 in the Corporation Law are not clear. Such a dilemma can be resolved by Article 50 of the Contract Law. This means that we should concerned about the affect of the articles to the parties. Although Article 11 of the Company Law provides that it restricts to corporation, shareholders, directors, supervisors and senior executives, the effect of the corporation articles has been expanded to certain third parties in certain circumstances. this trend is not only necessary. In view of external effect of he commercial registration, registration of the company is of course against third parties, in view of protection of third parties in good faith, once commercial registration is finished, the third parties to know its content has become a possibility, they should know the contents of the articles, from obligation of attention while signing contracts with a corporation, the third parties have to know the meaning of the corporation's trading and understand the company's purpose scale, organization, operation mechanism and other important documents. If we negative the expansion of the corporation’ article, it will lead to a serious imbalance between the two sides of the transaction, that would damage the fair value of the transaction goals. From the perspective of contract relativity, it’s more obvious that the relative effect of corporation article has been weakened as a special contract, because of the registration. From the perspective of Pareto improvement standard, to support the trend is good for a third person to do good thing in the former perspective of judges. The external effects of the charter should be stratified. The former should be weaker than the latter. On the type of third party, the first one is creditor, it is more cautious to expand to others. Different provisions of the articles have different effects. Accordingly, we should treat the article 11 of the Corporation Law rationally. In future legislation, it is necessary to modify the provision. In addition, judges shall respect the relevant practice, take full account of external expansion of effectiveness of corporation articles in particular occasion in order to achieve a fair goal.