학술논문
Automotive Three-Dimensional Vision Through a Single-Photon Counting SPAD Camera
Document Type
Periodical
Source
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst. Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on. 17(3):782-795 Mar, 2016
Subject
Language
ISSN
1524-9050
1558-0016
1558-0016
Abstract
We present an optical 3-D ranging camera for automotive applications that is able to provide a centimeter depth resolution over a $\mbox{40}^{\circ} \times \mbox{20}^{\circ}$ field of view up to 45 m with just 1.5 W of active illumination at 808 nm. The enabling technology we developed is based on a CMOS imager chip of 64 $\times$ 32 pixels, each with a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) and three 9-bit digital counters, able to perform lock-in time-of-flight calculation of individual photons emitted by a laser illuminator, reflected by the objects in the scene, and eventually detected by the camera. Due to the SPAD single-photon sensitivity and the smart in-pixel processing, the camera provides state-of-the-art performance at both high frame rates and very low light levels without the need for scanning and with global shutter benefits. Furthermore, the CMOS process is automotive certified.