학술논문
Searches for neutrinos in the direction of radio-bright blazars with the ANTARES telescope
Document Type
Working Paper
Author
ANTARES Collaboration; Albert, A.; Alves, S.; André, M.; Ardid, M.; Ardid, S.; Aubert, J. J.; Aublin, J; Baret, B.; Basa, S.; Becherini, Y.; Belhorma, B.; Bendahman, M.; Benfenati, F.; Bertin, V.; Biagi, S.; Bissinger, M.; Boumaaza, J.; Bouta, M.; Bouwhuis, M. C.; Brânzaş, H.; Bruijn, R.; Brunner, J.; Busto, J.; Caiffi, B.; Calvo, D.; Campion, S.; Capone, A.; Caramete, L.; Carenini, F.; Carr, J.; Carretero, V.; Celli, S.; Cerisy, L.; Chabab, M.; Moursli, R. Cherkaoui El; Chiarusi, T.; Circella, M.; Coelho, J. A. B.; Coleiro, A.; Coniglione, R.; Coyle, P.; Creusot, A.; Cruz, A. S. M.; Díaz, A. F.; De Martino, B.; Distefano, C.; Di Palma, I.; Domi, A.; Donzaud, C.; Dornic, D.; Drouhin, D.; Eberl, T.; van Eeden, T.; van Eijk, D.; Hedri, S. El; Khayati, N. El; Enzenhöfer, A.; Fermani, P.; Ferrara, G.; Filippini, F.; Fusco, L.; Gagliardini, S.; García, J.; Oliver, C. Gatius; Gay, P.; Geißelbrecht, N.; Glotin, H.; Gozzini, R.; Ruiz, R. Gracia; Graf, K.; Guidi, C.; Haegel, L.; Hallmann, S.; van Haren, H.; Heijboer, A. J.; Hello, Y.; Hernández-Rey, J. J.; Hößl, J.; Hofestädt, J.; Huang, F.; Illuminati, G.; James, C. W.; Jisse-Jung, B.; de Jong, M.; de Jong, P.; Kadler, M.; Kalekin, O.; Katz, U.; Kouchner, A.; Kovalev, Y. A; Kovalev, Y. Y; Kreykenbohm, I.; Kulikovskiy, V.; Lahmann, R.; Lamoureux, M.; Lazo, A.; Lefèvre, D.; Leonora, E.; Levi, G.; Stum, S. Le; Lopez-Coto, D.; Loucatos, S.; Maderer, L.; Manczak, J.; Marcelin, M.; Margiotta, A.; Marinelli, A.; Martínez-Mora, J. A.; Migliozzi, P.; Moussa, A.; Muller, R.; Navas, S.; Nezri, E.; Fearraigh, B. Ó; Oukacha, E.; Păun, A.; Păvălaş, G. E.; Peña-Martínez, S.; Perrin-Terrin, M.; Pestel, V.; Piattelli, P.; Plavin, A.; Poirè, C.; Popa, V.; Pradier, T.; Pushkarev, A.; Randazzo, N.; Real, D.; Reck, S.; Riccobene, G.; Romanov, A.; Sánchez-Losa, A.; Saina, A.; Greus, F. Salesa; Samtleben, D. F. E.; Sanguineti, M.; Sapienza, P.; Schnabel, J.; Schumann, J.; Schüssler, F.; Seneca, J.; Spurio, M.; Stolarczyk, Th.; Taiuti, M.; Tayalati, Y.; Tingay, S. J.; Troitsky, S.; Vallage, B.; Vannoye, G.; Van Elewyck, V.; Viola, S.; Vivolo, D.; Wilms, J.; Zavatarelli, S.; Zegarelli, A.; Zornoza, J. D.; Zúñiga, J.; Collaboration, OVRO; Hovatta, T.; Kiehlmann, S.; Liodakis, I.; Pavlidou, V.; Readhead, A. C. S
Source
ApJ 964 (2024) 3
Subject
Language
Abstract
Active galaxies, especially blazars, are among the most promising neutrino source candidates. To date, ANTARES searches for these objects considered GeV-TeV $\gamma$-ray bright blazars. Here, a statistically complete radio-bright blazar sample is used as the target for searches of origins of neutrinos collected by the ANTARES neutrino telescope over 13 years of operation. The hypothesis of a neutrino-blazar directional correlation is tested by pair counting and by a complementary likelihood-based approach. The resulting post-trial $p$-value is $3.0\%$ ($2.2\sigma$ in the two-sided convention), possibly indicating a correlation. Additionally, a time-dependent analysis is performed to search for temporal clustering of neutrino candidates as a mean of detecting neutrino flares in blazars. None of the investigated sources alone reaches a significant flare detection level. However, the presence of 18 sources with a pre-trial significance above $3\sigma$ indicates a $p=1.4\%$ ($2.5\sigma$ in the two-sided convention) detection of a time-variable neutrino flux. An \textit{a posteriori} investigation reveals an intriguing temporal coincidence of neutrino, radio, and $\gamma$-ray flares of the J0242+1101 blazar at a $p=0.5\%$ ($2.9\sigma$ in the two-sided convention) level. Altogether, the results presented here suggest a possible connection of neutrino candidates detected by the ANTARES telescope with radio-bright blazars.