학술논문

A gravitational-wave measurement of the Hubble constant following the second observing run of Advanced LIGO and Virgo
Document Type
Working Paper
Author
The LIGO Scientific Collaborationthe Virgo CollaborationAbbott, B. P.Abbott, R.Abbott, T. D.Abraham, S.Acernese, F.Ackley, K.Adams, C.Adhikari, R. X.Adya, V. B.Affeldt, C.Agathos, M.Agatsuma, K.Aggarwal, N.Aguiar, O. D.Aiello, L.Ain, A.Ajith, P.Allen, G.Allocca, A.Aloy, M. A.Altin, P. A.Amato, A.Anand, S.Ananyeva, A.Anderson, S. B.Anderson, W. G.Angelova, S. V.Antier, S.Appert, S.Arai, K.Araya, M. C.Areeda, J. S.Arène, M.Arnaud, N.Aronson, S. M.Arun, K. G.Ascenzi, S.Ashton, G.Aston, S. M.Astone, P.Aubin, F.Aufmuth, P.AultONeal, K.Austin, C.Avendano, V.Avila-Alvarez, A.Babak, S.Bacon, P.Badaracco, F.Bader, M. K. M.Bae, S.Baird, J.Baker, P. T.Baldaccini, F.Ballardin, G.Ballmer, S. W.Bals, A.Banagiri, S.Barayoga, J. C.Barbieri, C.Barclay, S. E.Barish, B. C.Barker, D.Barkett, K.Barnum, S.Barone, F.Barr, B.Barsotti, L.Barsuglia, M.Barta, D.Bartlett, J.Bartos, I.Bassiri, R.Basti, A.Bawaj, M.Bayley, J. C.Bazzan, M.Bécsy, B.Bejger, M.Belahcene, I.Bell, A. S.Beniwal, D.Benjamin, M. G.Berger, B. K.Bergmann, G.Bernuzzi, S.Berry, C. P. L.Bersanetti, D.Bertolini, A.Betzwieser, J.Bhandare, R.Bidler, J.Biggs, E.Bilenko, I. A.Bilgili, S. A.Billingsley, G.Birney, R.Birnholtz, O.Biscans, S.Bischi, M.Biscoveanu, S.Bisht, A.Bitossi, M.Bizouard, M. A.Blackburn, J. K.Blackman, J.Blair, C. D.Blair, D. G.Blair, R. M.Bloemen, S.Bobba, F.Bode, N.Boer, M.Boetzel, Y.Bogaert, G.Bondu, F.Bonnand, R.Booker, P.Boom, B. A.Boschi, R. Bork.Bose, S.Bossilkov, V.Bosveld, J.Bouffanais, Y.Bozzi, A.Bradaschia, C.Brady, P. R.Bramley, A.Branchesi, M.Brau, J. E.Breschi, M.Briant, T.Briggs, J. H.Brighenti, F.Brillet, A.Brinkmann, M.Brockill, P.Brooks, A. F.Brooks, J.Brown, D. D.Brunett, S.Buikema, A.Bulik, T.Bulten, H. J.Buonanno, A.Buskulic, D.Buy, C.Byer, R. L.Cabero, M.Cadonati, L.Cagnoli, G.Cahillane, C.Bustillo, J. CalderónCallister, T. A.Calloni, E.Camp, J. B.Campbell, W. A.Canepa, M.Cannon, K. C.Cao, H.Cao, J.Carapella, G.Carbognani, F.Caride, S.Carney, M. F.Carullo, G.Diaz, J. CasanuevaCasentini, C.Caudill, S.Cavaglià, M.Cavalier, F.Cavalieri, R.Cella, G.Cerdá-Durán, P.Cesarini, E.Chaibi, O.Chakravarti, K.Chamberlin, S. J.Chan, M.Chao, S.Charlton, P.Chase, E. A.Chassande-Mottin, E.Chatterjee, D.Chaturvedi, M.Cheeseboro, B. D.Chen, H. Y.Chen, X.Chen, Y.Cheng, H. -P.Cheong, C. K.Chia, H. Y.Chiadini, F.Chincarini, A.Chiummo, A.Cho, G.Cho, H. S.Cho, M.Christensen, N.Chu, Q.Chua, S.Chung, K. W.Chung, S.Ciani, G.Cieślar, M.Ciobanu, A. A.Ciolfi, R.Cipriano, F.Cirone, A.Clara, F.Clark, J. A.Clearwater, P.Cleva, F.Coccia, E.Cohadon, P. -F.Cohen, D.Colleoni, M.Collette, C. G.Collins, C.Colpi, M.Cominsky, L. R.Constancio Jr., M.Conti, L.Cooper, S. J.Corban, P.Corbitt, T. R.Cordero-Carrión, I.Corezzi, S.Corley, K. R.Cornish, N.Corre, D.Corsi, A.Cortese, S.Costa, C. A.Cotesta, R.Coughlin, M. W.Coughlin, S. B.Coulon, J. -P.Countryman, S. T.Couvares, P.Covas, P. B.Cowan, E. E.Coward, D. M.Cowart, M. J.Coyne, D. C.Coyne, R.Creighton, J. D. E.Creighton, T. D.Cripe, J.Croquette, M.Crowder, S. G.Cullen, T. J.Cumming, A.Cunningham, L.Cuoco, E.Canton, T. DalDálya, G.D'Angelo, B.Danilishin, S. L.D'Antonio, S.Danzmann, K.Dasgupta, A.Costa, C. F. Da SilvaDatrier, L. E. H.Dattilo, V.Dave, I.Davier, M.Davis, D.Daw, E. J.DeBra, D.Deenadayalan, M.Degallaix, J.De Laurentis, M.Deléglise, S.Del Pozzo, W.DeMarchi, L. M.Demos, N.Dent, T.De Pietri, R.De Rosa, R.De Rossi, C.DeSalvo, R.de Varona, O.Dhurandhar, S.Díaz, M. C.Dietrich, T.Di Fiore, L.DiFronzo, C.Di Giorgio, C.Di Giovanni, F.Di Giovanni, M.Di Girolamo, T.Di Lieto, A.Ding, B.Di Pace, S.Di Palma, I.Di Renzo, F.Divakarla, A. K.Dmitriev, A.Doctor, Z.Donovan, F.Dooley, K. L.Doravari, S.Dorrington, I.Downes, T. P.Drago, M.Driggers, J. C.Du, Z.Ducoin, J. -G.Dupej, P.Durante, O.Dwyer, S. E.Easter, P. J.Eddolls, G.Edo, T. B.Effler, A.Ehrens, P.Eichholz, J.Eikenberry, S. S.Eisenmann, M.Eisenstein, R. A.Errico, L.Essick, R. C.Estelles, H.Estevez, D.Etienne, Z. B.Etzel, T.Evans, M.Evans, T. M.Fafone, V.Fairhurst, S.Fan, X.Farinon, S.Farr, B.Farr, W. M.Fauchon-Jones, E. J.Favata, M.Fays, M.Fazio, M.Fee, C.Feicht, J.Fejer, M. M.Feng, F.Fernandez-Galiana, A.Ferrante, I.Ferreira, E. C.Ferreira, T. A.Fidecaro, F.Fiori, I.Fiorucci, D.Fishbach, M.Fisher, R. P.Fishner, J. M.Fittipaldi, R.Fitz-Axen, M.Fiumara, V.Flaminio, R.Fletcher, M.Floden, E.Flynn, E.Fong, H.Font, J. A.Forsyth, P. W. F.Fournier, J. -D.Vivanco, Francisco HernandezFrasca, S.Frasconi, F.Frei, Z.Freise, A.Frey, R.Frey, V.Fritschel, P.Frolov, V. V.Fronzè, G.Fulda, P.Fyffe, M.Gabbard, H. A.Gadre, B. U.Gaebel, S. M.Gair, J. R.Gammaitoni, L.Gaonkar, S. G.García-Quirós, C.Garufi, F.Gateley, B.Gaudio, S.Gaur, G.Gayathri, V.Gemme, G.Genin, E.Gennai, A.George, D.George, J.Gergely, L.Ghonge, S.Ghosh, AbhirupGhosh, ArchismanGhosh, S.Giacomazzo, B.Giaime, J. A.Giardina, K. D.Gibson, D. R.Gill, K.Glover, L.Gniesmer, J.Godwin, P.Goetz, E.Goetz, R.Goncharov, B.González, G.Castro, J. M. GonzalezGopakumar, A.Gossan, S. E.Gosselin, M.Gouaty, R.Grace, B.Grado, A.Granata, M.Grant, A.Gras, S.Grassia, P.Gray, C.Gray, R.Greco, G.Green, A. C.Green, R.Gretarsson, E. M.Grimaldi, A.Grimm, S. J.Groot, P.Grote, H.Grunewald, S.Gruning, P.Guidi, G. M.Gulati, H. K.Guo, Y.Gupta, A.Gupta, AnchalGupta, P.Gustafson, E. K.Gustafson, R.Haegel, L.Halim, O.Hall, B. R.Hall, E. D.Hamilton, E. Z.Hammond, G.Haney, M.Hanke, M. M.Hanks, J.Hanna, C.Hannam, M. D.Hannuksela, O. A.Hansen, T. J.Hanson, J.Harder, T.Hardwick, T.Haris, K.Harms, J.Harry, G. M.Harry, I. W.Hasskew, R. K.Haster, C. J.Haughian, K.Hayes, F. J.Healy, J.Heidmann, A.Heintze, M. C.Heitmann, H.Hellman, F.Hello, P.Hemming, G.Hendry, M.Heng, I. S.Hennig, J.Heurs, M.Hild, S.Hinderer, T.Hochheim, S.Hofman, D.Holgado, A. M.Holland, N. A.Holt, K.Holz, D. E.Hopkins, P.Horst, C.Hough, J.Howell, E. J.Hoy, C. G.Huang, Y.Hübner, M. T.Huerta, E. A.Huet, D.Hughey, B.Hui, V.Husa, S.Huttner, S. H.Huynh-Dinh, T.Idzkowski, B.Iess, A.Inchauspe, H.Ingram, C.Inta, R.Intini, G.Irwin, B.Isa, H. N.Isac, J. -M.Isi, M.Iyer, B. R.Jacqmin, T.Jadhav, S. J.Jani, K.Janthalur, N. N.Jaranowski, P.Jariwala, D.Jenkins, A. C.Jiang, J.Johnson, D. S.Jones, A. W.Jones, D. I.Jones, J. D.Jones, R.Jonker, R. J. G.Ju, L.Junker, J.Kalaghatgi, C. V.Kalogera, V.Kamai, B.Kandhasamy, S.Kang, G.Kanner, J. B.Kapadia, S. J.Karki, S.Kashyap, R.Kasprzack, M.Katsanevas, S.Katsavounidis, E.Katzman, W.Kaufer, S.Kawabe, K.Keerthana, N. V.Kéfélian, F.Keitel, D.Kennedy, R.Key, J. S.Khalili, F. Y.Khan, I.Khan, S.Khazanov, E. A.Khetan, N.Khursheed, M.Kijbunchoo, N.Kim, ChungleeKim, J. C.Kim, K.Kim, W.Kim, W. S.Kim, Y. -M.Kimball, C.King, P. J.Kinley-Hanlon, M.Kirchhoff, R.Kissel, J. S.Kleybolte, L.Klika, J. H.Klimenko, S.Knowles, T. D.Koch, P.Koehlenbeck, S. M.Koekoek, G.Koley, S.Kondrashov, V.Kontos, A.Koper, N.Korobko, M.Korth, W. Z.Kovalam, M.Kozak, D. B.Krämer, C.Kringel, V.Krishnendu, N.Królak, A.Krupinski, N.Kuehn, G.Kumar, A.Kumar, P.Kumar, RahulKumar, RakeshKuo, L.Kutynia, A.Kwang, S.Lackey, B. D.Laghi, D.Lai, K. H.Lam, T. L.Landry, M.Lane, B. B.Lang, R. N.Lange, J.Lantz, B.Lanza, R. K.Lartaux-Vollard, A.Lasky, P. D.Laxen, M.Lazzarini, A.Lazzaro, C.Leaci, P.Leavey, S.Lecoeuche, Y. K.Lee, C. H.Lee, H. K.Lee, H. M.Lee, H. W.Lee, J.Lee, K.Lehmann, J.Lenon, A. K.Leroy, N.Letendre, N.Levin, Y.Li, A.Li, J.Li, K. J. L.Li, T. G. F.Li, X.Lin, F.Linde, F.Linker, S. D.Littenberg, T. B.Liu, J.Liu, X.Llorens-Monteagudo, M.Lo, R. K. L.London, L. T.Longo, A.Lorenzini, M.Loriette, V.Lormand, M.Losurdo, G.Lough, J. D.Lousto, C. O.Lovelace, G.Lower, M. E.Lück, H.Lumaca, D.Lundgren, A. P.Lynch, R.Ma, Y.Macas, R.Macfoy, S.MacInnis, M.Macleod, D. M.Macquet, A.Hernandez, I. MagañaMagaña-Sandoval, F.Magee, R. M.Majorana, E.Maksimovic, I.Malik, A.Man, N.Mandic, V.Mangano, V.Mansell, G. L.Manske, M.Mantovani, M.Mapelli, M.Marchesoni, F.Marion, F.Márka, S.Márka, Z.Markakis, C.Markosyan, A. S.Markowitz, A.Maros, E.Marquina, A.Marsat, S.Martelli, F.Martin, I. W.Martin, R. M.Martinez, V.Martynov, D. V.Masalehdan, H.Mason, K.Massera, E.Masserot, A.Massinger, T. J.Masso-Reid, M.Mastrogiovanni, S.Matas, A.Matichard, F.Matone, L.Mavalvala, N.McCann, J. J.McCarthy, R.McClelland, D. E.McCormick, S.McCuller, L.McGuire, S. C.McIsaac, C.McIver, J.McManus, D. J.McRae, T.McWilliams, S. T.Meacher, D.Meadors, G. D.Mehmet, M.Mehta, A. K.Meidam, J.Villa, E. MejutoMelatos, A.Mendell, G.Mercer, R. A.Mereni, L.Merfeld, K.Merilh, E. L.Merzougui, M.Meshkov, S.Messenger, C.Messick, C.Messina, F.Metzdorff, R.Meyers, P. M.Meylahn, F.Miani, A.Miao, H.Michel, C.Middleton, H.Milano, L.Miller, A. L.Millhouse, M.Mills, J. C.Milovich-Goff, M. C.Minazzoli, O.Minenkov, Y.Mishkin, A.Mishra, C.Mistry, T.Mitra, S.Mitrofanov, V. P.Mitselmakher, G.Mittleman, R.Mo, G.Moffa, D.Mogushi, K.Mohapatra, S. R. P.Molina-Ruiz, M.Mondin, M.Montani, M.Moore, C. J.Moraru, D.Morawski, F.Moreno, G.Morisaki, S.Mours, B.Mow-Lowry, C. M.Muciaccia, F.Mukherjee, ArunavaMukherjee, D.Mukherjee, S.Mukherjee, SubrotoMukund, N.Mullavey, A.Munch, J.Muñiz, E. A.Muratore, M.Murray, P. G.Nagar, A.Nardecchia, I.Naticchioni, L.Nayak, R. K.Neil, B. F.Neilson, J.Nelemans, G.Nelson, T. J. N.Nery, M.Neunzert, A.Nevin, L.Ng, K. Y.Ng, S.Nguyen, C.Nguyen, P.Nichols, D.Nichols, S. A.Nissanke, S.Nocera, F.North, C.Nuttall, L. K.Obergaulinger, M.Oberling, J.O'Brien, B. D.Oganesyan, G.Ogin, G. H.Oh, J. J.Oh, S. H.Ohme, F.Ohta, H.Okada, M. A.Oliver, M.Oppermann, P.Oram, Richard J.O'Reilly, B.Ormiston, R. G.Ortega, L. F.O'Shaughnessy, R.Ossokine, S.Ottaway, D. J.Overmier, H.Owen, B. J.Pace, A. E.Pagano, G.Page, M. A.Pagliaroli, G.Pai, A.Pai, S. A.Palamos, J. R.Palashov, O.Palomba, C.Pan, H.Panda, P. K.Pang, P. T. H.Pankow, C.Pannarale, F.Pant, B. C.Paoletti, F.Paoli, A.Parida, A.Parker, W.Pascucci, D.Pasqualetti, A.Passaquieti, R.Passuello, D.Patil, M.Patricelli, B.Payne, E.Pearlstone, B. L.Pechsiri, T. C.Pedersen, A. J.Pedraza, M.Pedurand, R.Pele, A.Penn, S.Perego, A.Perez, C. J.Périgois, C.Perreca, A.Petermann, J.Pfeiffer, H. P.Phelps, M.Phukon, K. S.Piccinni, O. J.Pichot, M.Piergiovanni, F.Pierro, V.Pillant, G.Pinard, L.Pinto, I. M.Pirello, M.Pitkin, M.Plastino, W.Poggiani, R.Pong, D. Y. T.Ponrathnam, S.Popolizio, P.Porter, E. K.Powell, J.Prajapati, A. K.Prasad, J.Prasai, K.Prasanna, R.Pratten, G.Prestegard, T.Principe, M.Prodi, G. A.Prokhorov, L.Punturo, M.Puppo, P.Pürrer, M.Qi, H.Quetschke, V.Quinonez, P. J.Raab, F. J.Raaijmakers, G.Radkins, H.Radulesco, N.Raffai, P.Raja, S.Rajan, C.Rajbhandari, B.Rakhmanov, M.Ramirez, K. E.Ramos-Buades, A.Rana, JavedRao, K.Rapagnani, P.Raymond, V.Razzano, M.Read, J.Regimbau, T.Rei, L.Reid, S.Reitze, D. H.Rettegno, P.Ricci, F.Richardson, C. J.Richardson, J. W.Ricker, P. M.Riemenschneider, G.Riles, K.Rizzo, M.Robertson, N. A.Robinet, F.Rocchi, A.Rolland, L.Rollins, J. G.Roma, V. J.Romanelli., M.Romano, J.Romano, R.Romel, C. L.Romie, J. H.Rose, C. A.Rose, D.Rose, K.Rosińska, D.Rosofsky, S. G.Ross, M. P.Rowan, S.Rüdiger, A.Ruggi, P.Rutins, G.Ryan, K.Sachdev, S.Sadecki, T.Sakellariadou, M.Salafia, O. S.Salconi, L.Saleem, M.Samajdar, A.Sammut, L.Sanchez, E. J.Sanchez, L. E.Sanchis-Gual, N.Sanders, J. R.Santiago, K. A.Santos, E.Sarin, N.Sassolas, B.Sathyaprakash, B. S.Sauter, O.Savage, R. L.Schale, P.Scheel, M.Scheuer, J.Schmidt, P.Schnabel, R.Schofield, R. M. S.Schönbeck, A.Schreiber, E.Schulte, B. W.Schutz, B. F.Scott, J.Scott, S. M.Seidel, E.Sellers, D.Sengupta, A. S.Sennett, N.Sentenac, D.Sequino, V.Sergeev, A.Setyawati, Y.Shaddock, D. A.Shaffer, T.Shahriar, M. S.Shaner, M. B.Sharma, A.Sharma, P.Shawhan, P.Shen, H.Shink, R.Shoemaker, D. H.Shoemaker, D. M.Shukla, K.ShyamSundar, S.Siellez, K.Sieniawska, M.Sigg, D.Singer, L. P.Singh, D.Singh, N.Singhal, A.Sintes, A. M.Sitmukhambetov, S.Skliris, V.Slagmolen, B. J. J.Slaven-Blair, T. J.Smith, J. R.Smith, R. J. E.Somala, S.Son, E. J.Soni, S.Sorazu, B.Sorrentino, F.Souradeep, T.Sowell, E.Spencer, A. P.Spera, M.Srivastava, A. K.Srivastava, V.Staats, K.Stachie, C.Standke, M.Steer, D. A.Steinke, M.Steinlechner, J.Steinlechner, S.Steinmeyer, D.Stevenson, S. P.Stocks, D.Stone, R.Stops, D. J.Strain, K. A.Stratta, G.Strigin, S. E.Strunk, A.Sturani, R.Stuver, A. L.Sudhir, V.Summerscales, T. Z.Sun, L.Sunil, S.Sur, A.Suresh, J.Sutton, P. J.Swinkels, B. L.Szczepańczyk, M. J.Tacca, M.Tait, S. C.Talbot, C.Tanner, D. B.Tao, D.Tápai, M.Tapia, A.Tasson, J. D.Taylor, R.Tenorio, R.Terkowski, L.Thomas, M.Thomas, P.Thondapu, S. R.Thorne, K. A.Thrane, E.Tiwari, ShubhanshuTiwari, SrishtiTiwari, V.Toland, K.Tonelli, M.Tornasi, Z.Torres-Forné, A.Torrie, C. I.Töyrä, D.Travasso, F.Traylor, G.Tringali, M. C.Tripathee, A.Trovato, A.Trozzo, L.Tsang, K. W.Tse, M.Tso, R.Tsukada, L.Tsuna, D.Tsutsui, T.Tuyenbayev, D.Ueno, K.Ugolini, D.Unnikrishnan, C. S.Urban, A. L.Usman, S. A.Vahlbruch, H.Vajente, G.Valdes, G.Valentini, M.van Bakel, N.van Beuzekom, M.Brand, J. F. J. van denBroeck, C. Van DenVander-Hyde, D. C.van der Schaaf, L.VanHeijningen, J. V.van Veggel, A. A.Vardaro, M.Varma, V.Vass, S.Vasúth, M.Vecchio, A.Vedovato, G.Veitch, J.Veitch, P. J.Venkateswara, K.Venugopalan, G.Verkindt, D.Vetrano, F.Viceré, A.Viets, A. D.Vinciguerra, S.Vine, D. J.Vinet, J. -Y.Vitale, S.Vo, T.Vocca, H.Vorvick, C.Vyatchanin, S. P.Wade, A. R.Wade, L. E.Wade, M.Walet, R.Walker, M.Wallace, L.Walsh, S.Wang, H.Wang, J. Z.Wang, S.Wang, W. H.Wang, Y. F.Ward, R. L.Warden, Z. A.Warner, J.Was, M.Watchi, J.Weaver, B.Wei, L. -W.Weinert, M.Weinstein, A. J.Weiss, R.Wellmann, F.Wen, L.Wessel, E. K.Weßels, P.Westhouse, J. W.Wette, K.Whelan, J. T.Whiting, B. F.Whittle, C.Wilken, D. M.Williams, D.Williamson, A. R.Willis, J. L.Willke, B.Winkler, W.Wipf, C. C.Wittel, H.Woan, G.Woehler, J.Wofford, J. K.Wright, J. L.Wu, D. S.Wysocki, D. M.Xiao, S.Xu, R.Yamamoto, H.Yancey, C. C.Yang, L.Yang, Y.Yang, Z.Yap, M. J.Yazback, M.Yeeles, D. W.Yu, HangYu, HaocunYuen, S. H. R.Zadrożny, A. K.Zadrożny, A.Zanolin, M.Zelenova, T.Zendri, J. -P.Zevin, M.Zhang, J.Zhang, L.Zhang, T.Zhao, C.Zhao, G.Zhou, M.Zhou, Z.Zhu, X. J.Zimmerman, A. B.Zucker, M. E.Zweizig, J.
Source
Astrophys J 909 Number 2 218 (2021)
Subject
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Language
Abstract
This paper presents the gravitational-wave measurement of the Hubble constant ($H_0$) using the detections from the first and second observing runs of the Advanced LIGO and Virgo detector network. The presence of the transient electromagnetic counterpart of the binary neutron star GW170817 led to the first standard-siren measurement of $H_0$. Here we additionally use binary black hole detections in conjunction with galaxy catalogs and report a joint measurement. Our updated measurement is $H_0 = 68.7^{+17.0}_{-7.8}$ km/s/Mpc (68.3\% of the highest density posterior interval with a flat-in-log prior) which is an improvement by a factor of 1.04 (about 4\%) over the GW170817-only value of $68.7^{+17.5}_{-8.3}$ km/s/Mpc. A significant additional contribution currently comes from GW170814, a loud and well-localized detection from a part of the sky thoroughly covered by the Dark Energy Survey. With numerous detections anticipated over the upcoming years, an exhaustive understanding of other systematic effects are also going to become increasingly important. These results establish the path to cosmology using gravitational-wave observations with and without transient electromagnetic counterparts.
Comment: 21 pages, 8 figures; this version corrects Fig 2; there are minor changes to also Figs 3 & 4 and the final results