부산대학교 도서관

The chapter of 'Ba Yi' of the Analects of Confucius focuses on rituals and music, employing them to analyze the unjust practices of the nobility during the time of Confucius. According to the relationship between 'substance (Wen)' and 'pattern (Zhi),' we can divide the chapter into four parts. The first three parts consist of sections 1 to 5, 6 to 9, and 10 to 23. These parts establish a progression from 'substance (Wen)' to 'pattern (Zhi),' highlighting the importance of 'humaneness (Ren)', and the noble person’s learning of rituals. The chapter then transitions to the concept of the harmonious coexistence between humanity and heaven, critically examining the transgressions of rituals and ultimately restoring proper order. The final part (24-26) expands the discussion beyond individual actions, encompassing governance over 'all under heaven (Tianxia)' through the use of rituals, music, culture, and education. These concluding sections further explore and synthesize the insights gained from the earlier parts. The chapter of 'Ba Yi,' with its musical motifs, not only emphasizes the return from 'substance' to 'pattern', but also highlights the equal importance of both elements.