부산대학교 도서관

Simple Summary: Rice is attacked by range of stem-boring moths and flies. Despite their ecological and economic importance and the considerable scientific literature on their impacts and management, relatively little attention has been given to their coexistence mechanisms. This review lists the stemborer species associated with rice and determines their prevalence in rice crops based on published reports. The approximate distributions, host plant associations, modes of attacking rice, and details of the bionomics and behaviors of the economically important species are presented. Furthermore, using published data based on rice stem dissections, the varying structures of rice stemborer assemblages are described. Species richness is mainly determined by latitude, geography, and climate. Based on historical trends and information from stem dissections, possible mechanisms by which stemborers divide the rice crop, and thereby avoid competition, are determined. These include partitioning the resource by fidelity to rice and host plant range; by season and climate; by plant age, crop duration, and anatomy; and by the proximity and extent of alternative food resources (e.g., grasslands or other crops). Stemborer assemblages typically include a dominant primary moth species, one or more secondary species, and occasional species that are normally rare and probably spill over from adjacent grasslands. The dominance of primary species may change regionally, depending on environmental conditions including prevailing rice production systems. This review describes global rice stemborer assemblages based on published species distributions, apparent host preferences, and reported shifts in assemblage composition in response to environmental factors. At least 56 moth (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, Pyralidae, Noctuidae) and fly (Diptera: Diopsidae, Chloropidae) species have been associated with rice; however, only 21 species are of potential, large-scale economic importance with a further 2 species of localized concern; most of the remaining species' associations with rice are based on dubious records without economic impacts on rice production. A list of stemborer–host associations indicates that rice stemborers are largely oligophagous on grasses (Poaceae), but a few species are polyphagous (also attacking Cyperaceae, Typhaceae, and some Eudicotyledon plants). Total stemborer abundance is determined by rice cropping patterns and management. Assemblage species richness is determined by geographical location, surrounding habitat (particularly as regards secondary and occasional species), and season. Evidence suggests that stemborer assemblage structure is largely determined through conditional interspecific competition. Regional assemblages typically include a single dominant lepidopteran species (primary species) that is largely restricted to rice and for which the climate is optimal; one or more secondary species that vary based on the age of rice attacked, rice anatomy, and the proximity to other habitats (including other crops); and occasional species that probably spill over from adjacent grasslands. The co-occurrence of lepidopteran with dipteran rice stemborers requires further research attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]