부산대학교 도서관

Palakshappa, JA; Batt, JAE; Bodine, SC; Connolly, BA; Doles, J; Falvey, JR; Ferrante, LE; Files, DC; Harhay, MO; Harrell, K; Hippensteel, JA; Iwashyna, TJ; Jackson, JC; Lane-Fall, MB; Monje, M; Moss, M; Needham, DM; Semler, MW; Lahiri, S; Larsson, L; Sevin, CM; Sharshar, T; Singer, B; Stevens, T; Taylor, SP; Gomez, CR; Zhou, G; Girard, TD; Hough, CL

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 209(11):1304-1313

Iyer A; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Hsu FC; Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Bonnecaze A; Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Skelton JA; Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Palakshappa D; Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Lewis KH; Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Publisher: Sage Publications Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0372606 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1938-2707 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00099228 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Clin Pediatr (Phila) Subsets: MEDLINE

Gibbs KW; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Semler MW; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Driver BE; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Seitz KP; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Stempek SB; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Taylor C; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Resnick-Ault D; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; White HD; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Gandotra S; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Doerschug KC; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Mohamed A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Prekker ME; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Khan A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Gaillard JP; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Andrea L; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Aggarwal NR; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Brainard JC; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Barnett LH; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Halliday SJ; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Blinder V; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Dagan A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Whitson MR; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Schauer SG; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Walker JE Jr; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Barker AB; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Palakshappa JA; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Muhs A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Wozniak JM; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Kramer PJ; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Withers C; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Ghamande SA; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Russell DW; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Schwartz A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Moskowitz A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Hansen SJ; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Allada G; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Goranson JK; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Fein DG; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Sottile PD; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Kelly N; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Alwood SM; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Long MT; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Malhotra R; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Shapiro NI; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Page DB; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Long BJ; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Thomas CB; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Trent SA; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Janz DR; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Rice TW; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Self WH; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Bebarta VS; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Lloyd BD; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Rhoads J; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Womack K; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Imhoff B; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Ginde AA; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).; Casey JD; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Hastert TA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.; Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA.; McDougall JA; Office of Community Outreach and Engagement, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.; Robinson JRM; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.; Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA.; Palakshappa D; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.; Seaton R; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.; Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA.; Ruterbusch JJ; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.; Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA.; Beebe-Dimmer JL; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.; Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA.; Schwartz AG; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.; Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA.

Publisher: Wiley Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0374236 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1097-0142 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0008543X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cancer Subsets: MEDLINE

Palakshappa JA; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston Salem, NC, United States.; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States.; Hale ER; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston Salem, NC, United States.; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States.; Brown JD; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston Salem, NC, United States.; Kittel CA; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States.; Dressler E; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States.; Rosenthal GE; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston Salem, NC, United States.; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States.; Cutrona SL; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Veterans Affairs Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, United States.; Foley KL; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States.; Haines ER; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States.; Houston Ii TK; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston Salem, NC, United States.; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States.

Publisher: JMIR Publications Country of Publication: Canada NLM ID: 100959882 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1438-8871 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14388871 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Med Internet Res Subsets: MEDLINE

Shah MD; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, USA; Atrium Health, USA.; Palakshappa JA; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, USA; Atrium Health, USA. Electronic address: jpalaksh@wakehealth.edu.

Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 9211274 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1532-4036 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09643397 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Intensive Crit Care Nurs

Gibbs KW; Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and Critical Illness Injury and Recovery Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. kgibbs@wakehealth.edu.; Forbes JL; Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.; Harrison KJ; Department of Respiratory Care, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.; Krall JT; Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.; Isenhart AA; Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.; Taylor SP; Critical Illness Injury and Recovery Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Charlotte, North Carolina.; Martin RS; Critical Illness Injury and Recovery Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, North Carolina.; O'Connell NS; Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.; Bakhru RN; Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and Critical Illness Injury and Recovery Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.; Palakshappa JA; Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and Critical Illness Injury and Recovery Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.; Files DC; Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and Critical Illness Injury and Recovery Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Publisher: Daedalus Enterprises for the American Association for Respiratory Therapy Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7510357 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1943-3654 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00201324 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Respir Care Subsets: MEDLINE

Prekker ME; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Driver BE; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Trent SA; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Resnick-Ault D; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Seitz KP; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Russell DW; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Gaillard JP; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Latimer AJ; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Ghamande SA; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Gibbs KW; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Vonderhaar DJ; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Whitson MR; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Barnes CR; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Walco JP; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Douglas IS; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Krishnamoorthy V; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Dagan A; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Bastman JJ; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Lloyd BD; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Gandotra S; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Goranson JK; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Mitchell SH; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; White HD; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Palakshappa JA; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Espinera A; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Page DB; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Joffe A; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Hansen SJ; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Hughes CG; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; George T; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Herbert JT; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Shapiro NI; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Schauer SG; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Long BJ; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Imhoff B; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Wang L; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Rhoads JP; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Womack KN; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Janz DR; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Self WH; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Rice TW; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Ginde AA; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Casey JD; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).; Semler MW; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).

Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Keegan A; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.; Strahley A; Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.; Taylor SP; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.; Carolinas Medical Center, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC.; Wilson TM; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.; Shah MD; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.; Williamson J; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.; Palakshappa JA; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.

Publisher: Wolters Kluwer Health Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101746347 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2639-8028 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 26398028 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Crit Care Explor Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE

Gibbs KW; Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Ginde AA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA.; Prekker ME; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.; Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.; Seitz KP; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.; Stempek SB; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA.; Taylor C; Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.; Gandotra S; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.; White H; Department of Medicine, Division of pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, TX, USA.; Resnick-Ault D; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA.; Khan A; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.; Mohmed A; Division of Critical Care Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA.; Brainard JC; Department of Anesthesiology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA.; Fein DG; Division of Pulmonary Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA.; Aggarwal NR; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.; Whitson MR; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.; Halliday SJ; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wi, USA.; Gaillard JP; Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care ,Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Blinder V; Division of Critical Care Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA.; Driver BE; Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.; Palakshappa JA; Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Lloyd BD; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, and Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.; Wozniak JM; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA.; Exline MC; Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.; Russell DW; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.; Pulmonary Section, Birmingham VA medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.; Ghamande S; Department of Medicine, Division of pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, TX, USA.; Withers C; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA.; Hubel KA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.; Moskowitz A; Division of Critical Care Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA.; Bastman J; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA.; Andrea L; Division of Critical Care Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA.; Sottile PD; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.; Page DB; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.; Long MT; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.; Goranson JK; Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Malhotra R; Division of Critical Care Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA.; Long BJ; 59 Medical Wing, United States Air Force, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA.; Schauer SG; United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antoni, TX, USA.; Connor A; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.; Anderson E; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA.; Maestas K; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA.; Rhoads JP; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.; Womack K; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.; Imhoff B; Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.; Janz DR; University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine and Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.; Trent SA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA.; Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA.; Self WH; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, and Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.; Rice TW; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.; Semler MW; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.; Casey JD; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.

Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101767986 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet NLM ISO Abbreviation: medRxiv Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE