학술논문
Chemical Modulation of Identified Hit Compounds as Apoptosis Inhibitors
Document Type
Dissertation/Thesis
Author
Source
TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)
Subject
Language
English
Abstract
La apoptosis es un proceso biológico relevante en muchas enfermedades. Uno de los puntos de regulación de este proceso es la formación del complejo multiproteico llamado apoptosoma; por tanto, este complejo reviste gran interés para el desarrollo de moduladores apoptóticos. Previamente en nuestro grupo se ha descrito una piperazina-2,5-diona sustituida en posición 3 como potente inhibidor apoptótico. Estudios estructurales de este compuesto han permitido determinar la presencia de isómeros cis / trans del enlace de la amida terciaria exocíclica en un proceso de intercambio lento, hecho que puede ser importante en la interacción con la diana biológica. Ésta información nos animó a mimetizar éstos isómeros a través de una sustitución isostérica del enlace amida con unidades 1,2,3-triazólicas. La síntesis de éstos análogos restringidos se llevó a cabo usando una reacción Ugi multicomponente seguida de una ciclación intramolecular. El análisis completo por RMN (incluyendo las correlaciones 1H-15N en abundancia natural) de estos compuestos ha permitido la caracterización inequívoca de los patrones de sustitución correspondientes. Además, el aumento de la actividad inhibitoria de los nuevos compuestos ha proporcionado nueva información sobre el tipo de interacción de los compuestos con la diana terapéutica. La formación inesperada de una β-lactama en lugar de la dicetopiperazina para una de las estructuras propuestas y el hecho que este último compuesto fuera el que mostrara mayor actividad inhibidora, fueron hechos muy interesantes que dieron lugar a estudiar en mayor profundidad la reacción de ciclación intramolecular. Se realizó un estudio de la reactividad para explicar la ciclación de los aductos de la reacción de Ugi y para modular esta reacción, se sintetizó una quimioteca con los dos tipos de ciclo (β-lactama y dicetopiperazina), habiéndose ensayado sus actividades como inhibidores de la apoptosis. Finalmente, para intentar mejorar las propiedades de nuestros compuestos como posibles candidatos a fármaco, se llevaron a cabo acoplamientos entre algunos inhibidores y diferentes tipos de glicodendrímeros. Como conclusión, se ha sintetizado una nueva familia de inhibidores de la apoptosis con una libertad conformacional menor consiguiendo mantener valores de actividad similares. Se confía que estos compuestos muestren una selectividad mayor, condición fundamental para regular un proceso tan delicado.
Apoptosis is a biological process relevant to different human diseases stated that is regulated through protein-protein interactions and complex formation. In this context, one point of regulation is the formation of the multiprotein complex known as apoptosome. Consequently, this complex is of interest for the development of apoptosis modulators. In our group, it has been previously reported a peptidomimetic compound bearing a 3-substituted-piperazine-2,5-dione moiety as a potent apoptotic inhibitor. Structural studies of this compound showed the presence of cis/trans isomers of the exocyclic tertiary amide bond in slow exchange, which should be of high relevance for off-target interaction in front of the biological target. This information encouraged us to perform an isosteric replacement of the amide bond by a 1,2,3-triazole moiety, where different substitution patterns would mimic different amide rotamers. The syntheses of these restricted analogs have been carried out using the Ugi multicomponent reaction followed by an intramolecular cyclization. Unexpectedly, for one of the proposed structures, a novel β-lactam compound was formed. All synthesized compounds showed to efficiently inhibit apoptosis, in vitro and in cellular extracts, with slight differences for the corresponding regioisomers. Noticeably, the compound bearing the new β-lactam scaffold showed the highest inhibitory activity. On the other hand, computational studies also support the hypothesis that these new families of inhibitors exert their action by binding to Apaf-1, one of the components of the apoptosome complex. Due to the formation of the unexpected β-lactam scaffold, a reactivity study has been carried out to explain the course of the intramolecular cyclization of the Ugi adducts. In order to be able to modulate this cyclization, a small library of compounds bearing both heterocyclic scaffolds has been synthesized and their activities as apoptosis inhibitors have been evaluated. Moreover, couplings between some of the apoptosome inhibitors and different glycodendrimer moieties have been carried out to improve the properties of our compounds as drug candidates. As a conclusion, a new family of compounds has been designed, synthesized and characterized, and most of them showed good apoptosis inhibitory activities in vitro and in cellular extracts. We deem that the reduction of the conformational freedom achieved in this new family of inhibitors could be fundamental to increase the selectivity, which is a highly important condition when regulating such a delicate process.
Apoptosis is a biological process relevant to different human diseases stated that is regulated through protein-protein interactions and complex formation. In this context, one point of regulation is the formation of the multiprotein complex known as apoptosome. Consequently, this complex is of interest for the development of apoptosis modulators. In our group, it has been previously reported a peptidomimetic compound bearing a 3-substituted-piperazine-2,5-dione moiety as a potent apoptotic inhibitor. Structural studies of this compound showed the presence of cis/trans isomers of the exocyclic tertiary amide bond in slow exchange, which should be of high relevance for off-target interaction in front of the biological target. This information encouraged us to perform an isosteric replacement of the amide bond by a 1,2,3-triazole moiety, where different substitution patterns would mimic different amide rotamers. The syntheses of these restricted analogs have been carried out using the Ugi multicomponent reaction followed by an intramolecular cyclization. Unexpectedly, for one of the proposed structures, a novel β-lactam compound was formed. All synthesized compounds showed to efficiently inhibit apoptosis, in vitro and in cellular extracts, with slight differences for the corresponding regioisomers. Noticeably, the compound bearing the new β-lactam scaffold showed the highest inhibitory activity. On the other hand, computational studies also support the hypothesis that these new families of inhibitors exert their action by binding to Apaf-1, one of the components of the apoptosome complex. Due to the formation of the unexpected β-lactam scaffold, a reactivity study has been carried out to explain the course of the intramolecular cyclization of the Ugi adducts. In order to be able to modulate this cyclization, a small library of compounds bearing both heterocyclic scaffolds has been synthesized and their activities as apoptosis inhibitors have been evaluated. Moreover, couplings between some of the apoptosome inhibitors and different glycodendrimer moieties have been carried out to improve the properties of our compounds as drug candidates. As a conclusion, a new family of compounds has been designed, synthesized and characterized, and most of them showed good apoptosis inhibitory activities in vitro and in cellular extracts. We deem that the reduction of the conformational freedom achieved in this new family of inhibitors could be fundamental to increase the selectivity, which is a highly important condition when regulating such a delicate process.