학술논문
Genome-wide association analyses of risk tolerance and risky behaviors in over 1 million individuals identify hundreds of loci and shared genetic influences
Document Type
Author
Kooyman, Maarten; MacKillop, James; Jain, Sonia; Karlsson, Robert; Kessler, Ronald C.; Linner, Richard Karlsson; Biroli, Pietro; Kong, Edward; Meddens, Fleur W.; Wedow, Robbee; Miller, Michael B.; van der Most, Peter J.; Oldmeadow, Christopher; Payton, Antony; Pervjakova, Natalia; Peyrot, Wouter J.; Paternoster, Lavinia; Pedersen, Nancy L.; Petrovic, Katja E.; Porteous, David J.; Raikkonen, Katri; Ring, Susan M.; Thurik, A. Roy; Timpson, Nicholas J.; Tiemeier, Henning; Uitterlinden, Andre G.; Vitart, Veronique; Vollenweider, Peter; Metspalu, Andres; Milani, Lili; Montgomery, Grant W.; Mueller-Nurasyid, Martina; Marigorta, Urko M.; Qian, Yong; Raitakari, Olli; Rueedi, Rico; Salvi, Erika; Schmidt, Boerge; Robino, Antonietta; Rostapshova, Olga; Rudan, Igor; Rustichini, Aldo; Salomaa, Veikko; Sanders, Alan R.; Weir, David R.; Wilson, James F.; Wright, Alan F.; Conley, Dalton C.; Krueger, Robert F.; Schraut, Katharina E.; Shi, Jianxin; Smith, Albert V.; Poot, Raymond A.; St Pourcain, Beate; Sarin, Antti-Pekka; Schmidt, Helena; Scott, Rodney J.; Smith, Blair H.; Smith, Jennifer A.; Staessen, Jan A.; Smith, George Davey; Laibson, David I.; Medland, Sarah E.; Yang, Jian; Johannesson, Magnus; Nauck, Matthias; Westra, Harm-Jan; Teumer, Alexander; Thorleifsson, Gudmar; Verweij, Niek; Vuckovic, Dragana; Wellmann, Juergen; Terracciano, Antonio; Tobin, Martin D.; Ulivi, Sheila; Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth; Strauch, Konstantin; Visscher, Peter M.; Koellinger, Philipp D.; Cesarini, David; Benjamin, Daniel J.; Auton, Adam; Penninx, Brenda; Perola, Markus; Yang, Jingyun; Zhao, Wei; Zhu, Zhihong; Alizadeh, Behrooz Z.; Amin, Najaf; Bakshi, Andrew; Vaccargiu, Simona; Quaye, Lydia; Venturini, Cristina; Vinkhuyzen, Anna A. E.; Voelker, Uwe; Voelzke, Henry; Pierce, Brandon; Powell, Joseph; Prokisch, Holger; Psaty, Bruce M.; Baumeister, Sebastian E.; Biino, Ginevra; Bonnelykke, Klaus; Boyle, Patricia A.; Campbell, Harry; Cappuccio, Francesco P.; Vonk, Judith M.; Vozzi, Diego; Waage, Johannes; Ware, Erin B.; Willemsen, Gonneke; Attia, John R.; Harris, Kathleen Mullan; Hasler, Gregor; Ring, Susan; Ripatti, Samuli; Rotzchke, Olaf; Rueger, Sina; Saha, Ashis; Scholz, Markus; Davies, Gail; De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel; Deloukas, Panos; Demuth, Ilja; Ding, Jun; Eisele, Lewin; Bennett, David A.; Berger, Klaus; Bertram, Lars; Bisgaard, Hans; Borecki, Ingrid B.; Hofman, Albert; Ikram, Mohammad A.; Sullivan, Patrick; Hoen, Peter-Bramt; Schramm, Katharina; Seppala, Ilkka; Stumvoll, Michael; Eklund, Niina; Evans, David M.; Faul, Jessica D.; Feitosa, Mary F.; Forstner, Andreas J.; Gandin, Ilaria; Bultmann, Ute; Chabris, Christopher F.; Cucca, Francesco; Cusi, Daniele; Deary, J.; Dedoussis, George V.; Boardman, Jason D.; Clark, David W.; Conlin, Andrew; Dolan, Conor C.; Fischbacher, Urs; Groenen, Patrick J. F.; Thiery, Joachim; Tong, Lin; Tonjes, Anke; van Dongen, Jenny; van Meurs, Joyce; Verlouw, Joost; Gunnarsson, Bjarni; Halldorsson, Bjarni V.; Harris, Tamara B.; Heath, Andrew C.; Hocking, Lynne J.; Holliday, Elizabeth G.; van Duijn, Cornelia M.; Eriksson, Johan G.; Franke, Barbara; Gasparini, Paolo; Gejman, Pablo V.; Gieger, Christian; Sazonova, Olga V.; Shelton, Janie F.; Shringarpure, Suyash; Tian, Chao; Tung, Joyce Y.; Sathirapongsasuti, J. Fah; Vacic, Vladimir; Vosa, Urmo; Yaghootkar, Hanieh; Homuth, Georg; Horan, Michael A.; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; de Jager, Philip L.; Jugessur, Astanand; Kaakinen, Marika A.; van der Harst, Pim; Hayward, Caroline; Grabe, Hans-Joergen; Gratten, Jacob; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Wilson, Catherine H.; Agbessi, Mawusse; Ahsan, Habibul; Alves, Isabel; Andiappan, Anand; Awadalla, Philip; Zeng, Biao; Lee, James J.; Pers, Tune H.; Turley, Patrick; Kanoni, Stavroula; Keltigangas-Jarvinen, Liisa; Kiemeney, Lambertus A. L. M.; Kolcic, Ivana; Koskinen, Seppo; Kraja, Aldi T.; Hinds, David A.; Hoffmann, Wolfgang; Hypponen, Elina; Iacono, William G.; Jacobsson, Bo; Bonder, Marc Jan; Boomsma, Dorret I.; Christiansen, Mark; Battle, Alexis; Beutner, Frank; Pickrell, Joseph K.; Thom, Kevin; Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S.; Chen, Guo-Bo; Emilsson, Valur; Oskarsson, Sven; Kroh, Martin; Kutalik, Zoltan; Latvala, Antti; Launer, Lenore J.; Levinson, Douglas F.; Lichtenstein, Paul; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta; Lehrer, Steven F.; Jockel, Karl-Heinz; Kaprio, Jaakko; Kardia, Sharon L. R.; Lehtimaki, Terho; Claringbould, Annique; Deelen, Patrick; Esko, Tonu; Baumbach, Clemens; Bjornsdottir, Gyda; Brandsma, Johannes H.; Concas, Maria Pina; Bacelis, Jonas; Derringer, Jaime; Lichtner, Peter; Liewald, David C. M.; Loukola, Anu; Madden, Pamela A.; Magi, Reedik; Maki-Opas, Tomi; Magnusson, Patrik K. E.; Martin, Nicholas G.; McGue, Matt; Pendleton, Neil; Fave, Marie-Julie; Franke, Lude; Frayling, Timothy; Gharib, Sina A.; Gibson, Gregory; Heijmans, Bastiaan; Harris, Sarah E.; Hofer, Edith; Galesloot, Tessel E.; Girotto, Giorgia; Gupta, Richa; Hall, Leanne M.; Marioni, Riccardo E.; Marques-Vidal, Pedro; McMahon, George; Meisinger, Christa; Meitinger, Thomas; Milaneschi, Yusplitri; Pirastu, Nicola; Pirastu, Mario; Polasek, Ozren; Hemani, Gibran; Jansen, Rick; Kahonen, Mika; Kalnapenkis, Anette; Kasela, Silva; Kettunen, Johannes; Horikoshi, Momoko; Huffman, Jennifer E.; Posthuma, Danielle; Power, Christine; Province, Michael A.; Samani, Nilesh J.; Schlessinger, David; Schmidt, Reinhold; Kim, Yungil; Kirsten, Holger; Kovacs, Peter; Krohn, Knut; Kronberg-Guzman, Jaanika; Kukushkina, Viktorija; Kaasik, Kadri; Kalafati, Ioanna P.; Kong, Augustine; Lahti, Jari; van der Lee, Sven J.; de Leeuw, Christiaan; Palotie, Aarno; Myhre, Ronny; Nelson, Christopher P.; Nyholt, Dale R.; Ollier, William E. R.; Sorensen, Thorkild I. A.; Spector, Tim D.; Stefansson, Kari; Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur; Lee, Bernett; Loeffler, Markus; Lind, Penelope A.; Lindgren, Karl-Oskar; Liu, Tian; Mangino, Massimo; Marten, Jonathan; Mihailov, Evelin; Mannikko, Minna; Morcillo-Suarez, Carlos; McQueen, Matthew B.; Schmidt, Klaus M.; Beauchamp, Jonathan P.; Smart, Melissa C.; Muntane, Gerard; Kleinman, Aaron; Levin, Remy Z.; Lill, Christina M.; Meddens, Gerardus A.; Bell, Robert K.; Bryc, Katarzyna; Elson, Sarah L.; Furlotte, Nicholas A.; Huber, Karen E.; Northover, Carrie A. M.; Pitts, Steven J.; Litterman, Nadia K.; McCreight, Jennifer C.; McIntyre, Matthew H.; Mountain, Joanna L.; Fontana, Mark Alan; Nivard, Michel G.; Okbay, Aysu; Lebreton, Mael; Tino, Stephen P.; Abdellaoui, Abdel; Hammerschlag, Anke R.; Sanchez-Roige, Sandra; van Rooij, Frank J.; Taskesen, Erdogan; Rietveld, Cornelius A.; Timshel, Pascal N.; Trzaskowski, Maciej; de Vlaming, Ronald; Zund, Christian L.; Wu, Yang; Zhang, Futao; Agee, Michelle; Alipanahi, Babak; Bao, Yanchun; Buzdugan, Laura; Caplin, Ann H.; Chen, Chia-Yen; Eibich, Peter; Fontanillas, Pierre; Gonzalez, Juan R.; Joshi, Peter K.; Karhunen, Ville; Schunk, Daniel; Stein, Murray B.; Svento, Rauli; Timmers, Paul R. H. J.; Ursano, Robert J.; Wagner, Gert G.; Meyer, Michelle N.; Navarro, Arcadi; Palmer, Abraham A.; White, Jon; de Wit, Harriet; Fehr, Ernst; Kumari, Meena; Laibson, David; Sutter, Matthias
Source
Nature Genetics. 51(2):245-257
Subject
Language
English
ISSN
1546-1718
1061-4036
1061-4036
Abstract
Humans vary substantially in their willingness to take risks. In a combined sample of over 1 million individuals, we conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of general risk tolerance, adventurousness, and risky behaviors in the driving, drinking, smoking, and sexual domains. Across all GWAS, we identified hundreds of associated loci, including 99 loci associated with general risk tolerance. We report evidence of substantial shared genetic influences across risk tolerance and the risky behaviors: 46 of the 99 general risk tolerance loci contain a lead SNP for at least one of our other GWAS, and general risk tolerance is genetically correlated (vertical bar(r) over cap (g)vertical bar similar to 0.25 to 0.50) with a range of risky behaviors. Bioinformatics analyses imply that genes near SNPs associated with general risk tolerance are highly expressed in brain tissues and point to a role for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. We found no evidence of enrichment for genes previously hypothesized to relate to risk tolerance.