학술논문
Intelligence, educational attainment, and brain structure in those at familial high-risk for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
Document Type
Author
de Zwarte, Sonja M. C.; Brouwer, Rachel M.; Agartz, Ingrid; Alda, Martin; Alonso-Lana, Silvia; Bearden, Carrie E.; Bertolino, Alessandro; Bonvino, Aurora; Bramon, Elvira; Buimer, Elizabeth E. L.; Cahn, Wiepke; Canales-Rodríguez, Erick J.; Cannon, Dara M.; Cannon, Tyrone D.; Caseras, Xavier; Castro-Fornieles, Josefina; Chen, Qiang; Chung, Yoonho; De la Serna, Elena; Del Mar Bonnin, Caterina; Demro, Caroline; Di Giorgio, Annabella; Doucet, Gaelle E.; Eker, Mehmet Cagdas; Erk, Susanne; Fatjó-Vilas, Mar; Fears, Scott C.; Foley, Sonya F.; Frangou, Sophia; Fullerton, Janice M.; Glahn, David C.; Goghari, Vina M.; Goikolea, Jose M.; Goldman, Aaron L.; Gonul, Ali Saffet; Gruber, Oliver; Hajek, Tomas; Hawkins, Emma L.; Heinz, Andreas; Hidiroglu Ongun, Ceren; Hillegers, Manon H.J.; Houenou, Josselin; Hulshoff Pol, Hilleke E.; Hultman, Christina M.; Ingvar, Martin; Johansson, Viktoria; Jönsson, Erik G.; Kane, Fergus; Kempton, Matthew J.; Koenis, Marinka M. G.; Kopecek, Miloslav; Krämer, Bernd; Lawrie, Stephen M.; Lenroot, Rhoshel K.; Marcelis, Machteld; Mattay, Venkata S.; McDonald, Colm; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas; Michielse, Stijn; Mitchell, Philip B.; Moreno, Dolores; Murray, Robin M.; Mwangi, Benson; Nabulsi, Leila; Newport, Jason; Olman, Cheryl A.; van Os, Jim; Overs, Bronwyn J.; Ozerdem, Aysegul; Pergola, Giulio; Picchioni, Marco M.; Piguet, Camille; Pomarol-Clotet, Edith; Radua, Joaquim; Ramsay, Ian S.; Richter, Anja; Roberts, Gloria; Salvador, Raymond; Saricicek Aydogan, Aybala; Sarró, Salvador; Schofield, Peter R.; Simsek, Esma M.; Simsek, Fatma; Soares, Jair C.; Sponheim, Scott R.; Sugranyes, Gisela; Toulopoulou, Timothea; Tronchin, Giulia; Vieta, Eduard; Walter, Henrik; Weinberger, Daniel R.; Whalley, Heather C.; Wu, Mon-Ju; Yalin, Nefize; Andreassen, Ole A.; Ching, Christopher R. K.; Thomopoulos, Sophia I.; van Erp, Theo G. M.; Jahanshad, Neda; Thompson, Paul M.; Kahn, René S.; van Haren, Neeltje E. M.
Source
Human Brain Mapping. 43(1):414-430
Subject
Language
English
ISSN
1065-9471
1097-0193
1097-0193
Abstract
First-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ-FDRs) show similar patterns of brain abnormalities and cognitive alterations to patients, albeit with smaller effect sizes. First-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD-FDRs) show divergent patterns; on average, intracranial volume is larger compared to controls, and findings on cognitive alterations in BD-FDRs are inconsistent. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of global and regional brain measures (cortical and subcortical), current IQ, and educational attainment in 5,795 individuals (1,103 SZ-FDRs, 867 BD-FDRs, 2,190 controls, 942 schizophrenia patients, 693 bipolar patients) from 36 schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder family cohorts, with standardized methods. Compared to controls, SZ-FDRs showed a pattern of widespread thinner cortex, while BD-FDRs had widespread larger cortical surface area. IQ was lower in SZ-FDRs (d = -0.42, p = 3 × 10-5 ), with weak evidence of IQ reductions among BD-FDRs (d = -0.23, p = .045). Both relative groups had similar educational attainment compared to controls. When adjusting for IQ or educational attainment, the group-effects on brain measures changed, albeit modestly. Changes were in the expected direction, with less pronounced brain abnormalities in SZ-FDRs and more pronounced effects in BD-FDRs. To conclude, SZ-FDRs and BD-FDRs show a differential pattern of structural brain abnormalities. In contrast, both had lower IQ scores and similar school achievements compared to controls. Given that brain differences between SZ-FDRs and BD-FDRs remain after adjusting for IQ or educational attainment, we suggest that differential brain developmental processes underlying predisposition for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder are likely independent of general cognitive impairment.