학술논문
In-situ characterization of the Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier tubes used in the DEAP-3600 experiment
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article
Author
Amaudruz, P-A; Batygov, M; Beltran, B; Bina, CE; Bishop, D; Bonatt, J; Boorman, G; Boulay, MG; Broerman, B; Bromwich, T; Bueno, JF; Butcher, A; Cai, B; Chan, S; Chen, M; Chouinard, R; Churchwell, S; Cleveland, BT; Cranshaw, D; Dering, K; Dittmeier, S; Duncan, FA; Dunford, M; Erlandson, A; Fatemighomi, N; Ford, RJ; Gagnon, R; Giampa, P; Golovko, VV; Gorel, P; Gornea, R; Grace, E; Graham, K; Grant, DR; Gulyev, E; Hall, A; Hallin, AL; Hamstra, M; Harvey, PJ; Hearns, C; Jillings, CJ; Kamaev, O; Kemp, A; Kuźniak, M; Langrock, S; La Zia, F; Lehnert, B; Li, O; Lidgard, JJ; Liimatainen, P; Lim, C; Lindner, T; Linn, Y; Liu, S; Mathew, R; McDonald, AB; McElroy, T; McFarlane, K; McLaughlin, J; Mead, S; Mehdiyev, R; Mielnichuk, C; Monroe, J; Muir, A; Nadeau, P; Nantais, C; Ng, C; Noble, AJ; O’Dwyer, E; Ohlmann, C; Olchanski, K; Olsen, KS; Ouellet, C; Pasuthip, P; Peeters, SJM; Pollmann, TR; Rand, ET; Rau, W; Rethmeier, C; Retière, F; Seeburn, N; Shaw, B; Singhrao, K; Skensved, P; Smith, B; Smith, NJT; Sonley, T; Stainforth, R; Stone, C; Strickland, V; Sur, B; Tang, J; Taylor, J; Veloce, L; Vázquez-Jáuregui, E; Walding, J; Ward, M; Westerdale, S; White, R; Woolsey, E
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Abstract
The Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier-tube (PMT) is a novel high-quantum efficiency PMT. It is currently used in the DEAP-3600 dark matter detector and is of significant interest for future dark matter and neutrino experiments where high signal yields are needed. We report on the methods developed for in-situ characterization and monitoring of DEAP's 255 R5912-HQE PMTs. This includes a detailed discussion of typical measured single-photoelectron charge distributions, correlated noise (afterpulsing), dark noise, double, and late pulsing characteristics. The characterization is performed during the detector commissioning phase using laser light injected through a light diffusing sphere and during normal detector operation using LED light injected through optical fibres.