학술논문
Calibration of the Milagro Cosmic Ray Telescope
Document Type
article
Author
Atkins, R; Benbow, W; Berley, D; Chen, M-L; Coyne, DG; Delay, RS; Dingus, BL; Dorfan, DE; Ellsworth, RW; Evans, D; Falcone, A; Fleysher, L; Fleysher, R; Gisler, G; Goodman, JA; Haines, TJ; Hoffman, CM; Hugenberger, S; Kelley, LA; Leonor, I; Macri, J; McConnell, M; McCullough, JF; McEnery, JE; Miller, RS; Mincer, AI; Morales, MF; Nemethy, P; Ryan, JM; Schneider, M; Shen, B; Shoup, A; Sinnis, G; Smith, AJ; Sullivan, GW; Thompson, TN; Tumer, OT; Wang, K; Wascko, MO; Westerhoff, S; Williams, DA; Yang, T; Yodh, GB
Source
Subject
Language
Abstract
The Milagro detector is an air shower array which uses the water Cherenkovtechnique and is capable of continuously monitoring the sky at energies near 1TeV. The detector consists of 20000 metric tons of pure water instrumented with723 photo-multiplier tubes (PMTs). The PMTs are arranged in a two-layerstructure on a lattice of 3 m spacing covering 5000 $m^2$ area. The directionof the shower is determined from the relative timing of the PMT signals,necessitating a common time reference and amplitude slewing corrections toimprove the time resolution. The calibration system to provide these consistsof a pulsed laser driving 30 diffusing light sources deployed in the pond toallow cross-calibration of the PMTs. The system is capable of calibrating timesand the pulse-heights from the PMTs using the time-over-threshold technique.The absolute energy scale is provided using single muons passing through thedetector. The description of the calibration system of the Milagro detector andits prototype Milagrito will be presented.