학술논문
TOI-1235 b: A Keystone Super-Earth for Testing Radius Valley Emergence Models around Early M Dwarfs
Document Type
article
Author
Cloutier, Ryan; Rodriguez, Joseph E; Irwin, Jonathan; Charbonneau, David; Stassun, Keivan G; Mortier, Annelies; Latham, David W; Isaacson, Howard; Howard, Andrew W; Udry, Stéphane; Wilson, Thomas G; Watson, Christopher A; Pinamonti, Matteo; Lienhard, Florian; Giacobbe, Paolo; Guerra, Pere; Collins, Karen A; Beiryla, Allyson; Esquerdo, Gilbert A; Matthews, Elisabeth; Matson, Rachel A; Howell, Steve B; Furlan, Elise; Crossfield, Ian JM; Winters, Jennifer G; Nava, Chantanelle; Ment, Kristo; Lopez, Eric D; Ricker, George; Vanderspek, Roland; Seager, Sara; Jenkins, Jon M; Ting, Eric B; Tenenbaum, Peter; Sozzetti, Alessandro; Sha, Lizhou; Ségransan, Damien; Schlieder, Joshua E; Sasselov, Dimitar; Roy, Arpita; Robertson, Paul; Rice, Ken; Poretti, Ennio; Piotto, Giampaolo; Phillips, David; Pepper, Joshua; Pepe, Francesco; Molinari, Emilio; Mocnik, Teo; Micela, Giuseppina; Mayor, Michel; Fiorenzano, Aldo F Martinez; Mallia, Franco; Lubin, Jack; Lovis, Christophe; López-Morales, Mercedes; Kosiarek, Molly R; Kielkopf, John F; Kane, Stephen R; Jensen, Eric LN; Isopi, Giovanni; Huber, Daniel; Hill, Michelle L; Harutyunyan, Avet; Gonzales, Erica; Giacalone, Steven; Ghedina, Adriano; Ercolino, Andrea; Dumusque, Xavier; Dressing, Courtney D; Damasso, Mario; Dalba, Paul A; Cosentino, Rosario; Conti, Dennis M; Colón, Knicole D; Collins, Kevin I; Cameron, Andrew Collier; Ciardi, David; Christiansen, Jessie; Chontos, Ashley; Cecconi, Massimo; Caldwell, Douglas A; Burke, Christopher; Buchhave, Lars; Beichman, Charles; Behmard, Aida; Beard, Corey; Murphy, Joseph M Akana
Source
The Astronomical Journal. 160(1)
Subject
Language
Abstract
Small planets on close-in orbits tend to exhibit envelope mass fractions of either effectively zero or up to a few percent depending on their size and orbital period. Models of thermally driven atmospheric mass loss and of terrestrial planet formation in a gas-poor environment make distinct predictions regarding the location of this rocky/nonrocky transition in period-radius space. Here we present the confirmation of TOI-1235 b (P = 3.44 days, rp1.738-0.076+0.087 R⊕), a planet whose size and period are intermediate between the competing model predictions, thus making the system an important test case for emergence models of the rocky/nonrocky transition around early M dwarfs (R s = 0.630± 0.015 ⊕, M s = 0.640 ± 0.016 ⊙. We confirm the TESS planet discovery using reconnaissance spectroscopy, ground-based photometry, high-resolution imaging, and a set of 38 precise radial velocities (RVs) from HARPS-N and HIRES. We measure a planet mass of 6.91-0.85+0.75M⊕ which implies an iron core mass fraction of 20-12+15% in the absence of a gaseous envelope. The bulk composition of TOI-1235 b is therefore consistent with being Earth-like, and we constrain an H/He envelope mass fraction to be