부산대학교 도서관

Sproutys have been shown to negatively regulate growth factor-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, and suggested to be an anti-oncogene. However, molecular mechanism of the suppression has not yet been clarified completely. Sprouty4 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A-induced ERK activation, but not VEGF-C-induced ERK activation. It has been shown that VEGF-A-mediated ERK activation is strongly dependent on protein kinase C (PKC), whereas that by VEGF-C is dependent on Ras. This suggests that Sprouty4 inhibits the PKC pathway more specifically than the Ras pathway. In this study, we confirmed that Sprouty4 suppressed various signals downstream of PKC, such as phosphorylation of MARCKS and protein kinase D (PKD), as well as PKCdependent nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation. Furthermore, Sprouty4 suppressed upstream signals of PKC, such as Ca mobilization, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) breakdown and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) production in response to VEGF-A. Those effects were dependent on the C-terminal cysteine-rich region, but not on the N-terminal region of Sprouty4, which is critical for the suppression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-mediated ERK activation. Sprouty4 overexpression or deletion of the Sprouty4 gene did not affect phospholipase C (PLC) γ-1 activation, which is an enzyme that catalyzes PIP2 hydrolysis. Moreover, Sprouty4 inhibited not only VEGF-A-mediated PIP2 hydrolysis but also inhibited the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced PIP2 breakdown that is catalyzed by PLCβ/ε activated by G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Taken together, Sprouty4 has broader suppression activity for various stimuli than previously thought; it may function as an inhibitor for various types of PLC-dependent signaling as well as for ERK activation.Oncogene (2009) 28, 1076-1088; doi:10.1038/onc.2008.464; published online 12 January 2009