학술논문
전과정평가를 이용한 하수처리수 재이용시설의 환경영향 평가 / An Environment Impact Assessment of a Wastewater Reuse Facility Using Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCA)
Document Type
Dissertation/ Thesis
Author
Source
Subject
Language
Korean
Abstract
우리나라는 급격한 도시화와 산업화에 따라 물의 무분별한 낭비로 지하수고갈, 하천유지용수 부족, 수질오염 등 물순환계의 불균형이 심화되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 물순환계의 불균형을 해소할 대체수자원으로 하수처리수 재이용시설이 부각되고 있다. 하수처리수가 대체수자원으로서 매력적인 이유는 지역적으로 고루 분포되어 물 수급의 지역적 불균형해소가 가능하다는 점과 그 양이 연간 65억톤에 달하고, 고도처리공법이 보급되면서 처리수질이 크게 향상되어 양적, 질적인 조건을 충분히 갖추었다는 점 때문이다.이러한 하수처리수 재이용시설은 기본적으로 수중의 오염물질을 제거하기 위한 수환경관련 시설이며 종래의 연구 또한 수질오염물질의 제거에 초점을 맞춘 연구가 주를 이루고 있다. 하지만 시설 자체의 건설 및 유지관리에 있어서 다량의 자재 및 에너지가 투입되고, 또한 해체시에도 다량의 폐기물이 배출된다는 점에서 기타 환경에 미치는 영향도 무시할 수 없다. 따라서 향후 하수처리수 재이용시설에 대해서는 수질오염물질의 제거량이나 제거효율 등의 단편적인 측면이 아닌 지구환경적 측면을 포함한 종합적 평가가 필요하다.제품의 제조, 사용, 폐기 등 전체적인 Life cycle로부터 발생되는 환경부하를 평가하기 위해 국제표준화기구(ISO)에서 채택한 전과정평가(LCA)는 개별 제품뿐만 아니라 건축물이나 사회기반시설과 같은 복잡한 시스템으로 광범위하게 적용되고 있다. 하수처리수 재이용시설에 LCA를 도입하는 것은 수질오염물질의 처리뿐만 아니라 이와 관련한 다른 여러 활동의 상호 작용을 포함한 전체적인 시스템을 파악할 수 있게 된다. 또한 하수처리수 재이용시설의 종합적인 환경부하를 정량화함으로서 환경정책 수립자에게 환경 개선의 기회를 규명할 수 있는 정보를 제공해 줄 수 있으며, 건설 초기단계에서 친환경적인 설계를 위한 의사결정시 판단자료로 활용할 수 있다.이에 본 연구에서는 전과정 평가기법을 적용하여 하수처리수 재이용시설에 대한 전과정 영향평가를 수행하였다. 사용되어진 환경영향 범주는 자원고갈, 산성화, 부영양화, 수계생태독성, 지구온난화, 인간독성, 해양생태독성, 오존층 파괴, 광화학산화물, 토양생태독성 등이다. 전과정 영향평가의 결과, 수계생태독성이 88.3%로 가장 큰 환경부하를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 하수처리수 재이용시설 Life cycle에서 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 단계는 운영단계로, 이는 토목공사 유지보수와 약품처리 과정에 의한 환경영향이 가장 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 전체 환경영향의 47.8%가 토목공사 유지보수, 37.1%가 약품처리 과정에 의한 환경영향으로, 재처리수 생산과정의 환경영향을 개선하기 위해서는 토목공사 유지보수 및 약품처리를 최적화하거나 친환경 자재로의 대처가 가장 시급한 것으로 판단된다.
The disproportion of water circulation such as underground water depletion, River Environment Flow and water pollution etc. has been caused by undiscerning waste from the radical urbanization and industrialization of Korea. Therefore, waste water or sewage treatment facilities which are able to solve the disproportion of water circulation has been highlighted and signified as a means for the substitution of water resources. For these reasons including recent research data wastewater is attractive as a substitution water resource, because wastewater is widely distributed. The annual amount is relative to 6.5 billion tons and as the quality of water treatment has greatly improved, quantitative and qualitative conditions state the previous as being qualified, since having used the "Advanced Treatment diffusion Method." A facility has been established and related to the water environment for eliminating water pollutants. Additionally, it had been mentioned and brought to attention the use of this procedure by means of eliminating contaminants and the best way of treating the water. However, investment of a large quantity of materials and energy in this phase of construction and maintenance, plus the discharge of a vast amount of waste in this phase of dismantling may be a serious problem which should not be overlooked. Therefore, it is necessary to not focus on the minute means of momentary or fragments of eliminating waste, but to also consider the natural environment of the Earth as well.In order to evaluate the environmental load occurring from the whole life cycle of the facility, LCA(Life Cycle Assessment ) adopted by ISO(International Organization for Standard ) is not only applied as an individual product but rather a complicated system involving buildings and/or infrastructure in a wide range of scope. The introducing of LCA to wastewater reuse facility will assist to understand not only the treatment of water contaminants but also the overall system related to the interaction of involved, potential issues. Overall, as quantifiable evidence from overall environmental load of wastewater reuse facilities, it may or will provide pertinent data of investigating opportunities for environmental improvement not limited to public officers regulating environmental policies, and could be used to make decisions for an environmentally sound and sustainable design in the initial phase of construction.For the previously stated reasons, this proposal/data implemented LCA(Life Cycle Assessment) for the establishment of wastewater reuse facilities in conformity with life cycle impact assessment. The environmental impact categories are: Abiotic Resources Depletion, Acidification, Eutrophication, Fresh water aquatic eco-toxicological Impacts, Global Warming, Human toxic Potential, Marine aquatic Ecotoxicological Impacts, Ozone Depletion, Photochemical Oxidant Creation, Terrestrial Ecotoxicological Impacts etc. The result of "life cycle impact assessment" shows that fresh water aquatic Eco-toxicological Impacts(88.3%) are the largest environment concern. The maintenance phase has the most impact on the environment utilizing life cycle for wastewater reuse facilities and was analyzed that the maintenance of "public works and chemical treatment" led to the biggest environmental impact. The maintenance of public works accounts for 47.8% and chemical treatments account for roughly 37.1% as a breakdown of impact towards the environment. Therefore, in order to reduce the impact on the environment during the manufacturing process of the "re-treatment of water," I feel at this stage, "it is very urgent that the maintenance of public works and chemical treatment should be carefully utilized resulting in less contaminants or substituted for eco-friendly materials."
The disproportion of water circulation such as underground water depletion, River Environment Flow and water pollution etc. has been caused by undiscerning waste from the radical urbanization and industrialization of Korea. Therefore, waste water or sewage treatment facilities which are able to solve the disproportion of water circulation has been highlighted and signified as a means for the substitution of water resources. For these reasons including recent research data wastewater is attractive as a substitution water resource, because wastewater is widely distributed. The annual amount is relative to 6.5 billion tons and as the quality of water treatment has greatly improved, quantitative and qualitative conditions state the previous as being qualified, since having used the "Advanced Treatment diffusion Method." A facility has been established and related to the water environment for eliminating water pollutants. Additionally, it had been mentioned and brought to attention the use of this procedure by means of eliminating contaminants and the best way of treating the water. However, investment of a large quantity of materials and energy in this phase of construction and maintenance, plus the discharge of a vast amount of waste in this phase of dismantling may be a serious problem which should not be overlooked. Therefore, it is necessary to not focus on the minute means of momentary or fragments of eliminating waste, but to also consider the natural environment of the Earth as well.In order to evaluate the environmental load occurring from the whole life cycle of the facility, LCA(Life Cycle Assessment ) adopted by ISO(International Organization for Standard ) is not only applied as an individual product but rather a complicated system involving buildings and/or infrastructure in a wide range of scope. The introducing of LCA to wastewater reuse facility will assist to understand not only the treatment of water contaminants but also the overall system related to the interaction of involved, potential issues. Overall, as quantifiable evidence from overall environmental load of wastewater reuse facilities, it may or will provide pertinent data of investigating opportunities for environmental improvement not limited to public officers regulating environmental policies, and could be used to make decisions for an environmentally sound and sustainable design in the initial phase of construction.For the previously stated reasons, this proposal/data implemented LCA(Life Cycle Assessment) for the establishment of wastewater reuse facilities in conformity with life cycle impact assessment. The environmental impact categories are: Abiotic Resources Depletion, Acidification, Eutrophication, Fresh water aquatic eco-toxicological Impacts, Global Warming, Human toxic Potential, Marine aquatic Ecotoxicological Impacts, Ozone Depletion, Photochemical Oxidant Creation, Terrestrial Ecotoxicological Impacts etc. The result of "life cycle impact assessment" shows that fresh water aquatic Eco-toxicological Impacts(88.3%) are the largest environment concern. The maintenance phase has the most impact on the environment utilizing life cycle for wastewater reuse facilities and was analyzed that the maintenance of "public works and chemical treatment" led to the biggest environmental impact. The maintenance of public works accounts for 47.8% and chemical treatments account for roughly 37.1% as a breakdown of impact towards the environment. Therefore, in order to reduce the impact on the environment during the manufacturing process of the "re-treatment of water," I feel at this stage, "it is very urgent that the maintenance of public works and chemical treatment should be carefully utilized resulting in less contaminants or substituted for eco-friendly materials."