부산대학교 도서관

As emerging the importance of the carbon neutrality and zero greenhouse gas emissions, the development of solar cell technologies for renewable energy is needed. In this thesis, we investigated a hole transparent layer integrated transparent electrode on PEN flexible substrate by gradient sputtering using 4-inch magnetron sputtering enabling large-scale and simplified processes. Through gradient sputtering, we aimed to minimize the interfacial effects between the transparent electrode and hole transport layer in conventional solar cells, optimizing the energy band structure to enhance the efficiency of hole extraction. Through electrical and optical properties, the ITO-NiO gradient layer showed an optical transmittance of 72.73 %, a resistivity of 0.55ⅹ10-3 Ohm cm, a sheet resistance of 32.62 Ohm/square. Despite the crystalline structure, the ITO-NiO integrated electrode showed a critical bending radius of 7 mm and 6 mm, which are desirable for flexible perovskite solar cells. The ITO-NiO integrated transparent electrode also showed no resistance change during dynamic bending test, dynamic rolling test, and dynamic twisting test for 10,000 cycles. To demonstrate feasibility of ITO-NiO gradient layer for PSC, we examined the performance of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.60 %. Based on results, the hole transport layer integrated transparent electrode promises for the application in perovskite solar cells, representing a crucial technology for the next generation of photovoltaic devices.