부산대학교 도서관

Keywords: climate change analysis; conservation hotspots; conservation priorities; restoration hotspots; restoration priorities; spatially explicit threat assessment; species distribution modeling; tree species; vulnerability mapping; análisis del cambio climático; especies de árboles; evaluación espacialmente explícita de amenazas; mapeo de vulnerabilidades; modelado de distribución; prioridades de conservación; prioridades de restauración; puntos calientes de conservación; puntos calientes de restauración; ç©ç§èå¼±æ§å°å¾; ç©ç§åå¸æ¨¡å; æ°ååååæ; 空é´æ¾å¼å¨èè¯ä¼°; ä¼åä¿æ¤; ä¼åæ¢å¤; ä¿æ¤ç­ç¹å°åº; æ¢å¤ç­ç¹å°åº; æ ç§ Abstract Tree diversity in Asia's tropical and subtropical forests is central to nature-based solutions. Species vulnerability to multiple threats, which affect provision of ecosystem services, is poorly understood. We conducted a region-wide, spatially explicit assessment of the vulnerability of 63 socioeconomically important tree species to overexploitation, fire, overgrazing, habitat conversion, and climate change. Trees were selected for assessment from national priority lists, and selections were validated by an expert network representing 20 countries. We used Maxent suitability modeling to predict species distribution ranges, freely accessible spatial data sets to map threat exposures, and functional traits to estimate threat sensitivities. Species-specific vulnerability maps were created as the product of exposure maps and sensitivity estimates. Based on vulnerability to current threats and climate change, we identified priority areas for conservation and restoration. Overall, 74% of the most important areas for conservation of these trees fell outside protected areas, and all species were severely threatened across an average of 47% of their native ranges. The most imminent threats were overexploitation and habitat conversion; populations were severely threatened by these factors in an average of 24% and 16% of their ranges, respectively. Our model predicted limited overall climate change impacts, although some study species were likely to lose over 15% of their habitat by 2050 due to climate change. We pinpointed specific natural areas in Borneo rain forests as hotspots for in situ conservation of forest genetic resources, more than 82% of which fell outside designated protected areas. We also identified degraded areas in Western Ghats, Indochina dry forests, and Sumatran rain forests as hotspots for restoration, where planting or assisted natural regeneration will help conserve these species, and croplands in southern India and Thailand as potentially important agroforestry options. Our results highlight the need for regionally coordinated action for effective conservation and restoration. CAPTION(S): APPENDIX S1 Supplementary material Figure S1. Illustration of the species-specific vulnerability mapping approach with the vulnerability of Shorea leprosula to overexploitation as an example. Figure S2. Vulnerability maps of the most vulnerable tree species to the five threats in this study. Figure S3. Priority action maps of highly endangered and rarely cultivated tree species in this study. Figure S4. Reference maps delineating combined priority sites for conservation and restoration activities for all 63 priority tree species based on the number of species per grid cell. Figure S5. Reference maps delineating combined priority sites for conservation and restoration activities for all 63 priority tree species based on the proportion of species per grid cell. Table S1. List of 28 initial environmental predictor variables. Table S2. Summary information on the five key threats assessed in this study. Table S3. Species key traits used to estimate tree species sensitivities to each of the five threats. Table S4. Partial sensitivity score for each single trait level. Table S5. Overall sensitivity score for each species-threat combination. Table S6. Priority tree species with respective species distribution model (SDM) evaluation statistics. APPENDIX S3 Supplementary material APPENDIX S4 Supplementary material APPENDIX S5 Supplementary material Byline: Hannes Gaisberger, Tobias Fremout, Chris J. Kettle, Barbara Vinceti, Della Kemalasari, Tania Kanchanarak, Evert Thomas, Josep M. Serra-Diaz, Jens-Christian Svenning, Ferry Slik, Wichan Eiadthong, Kandasamy Palanisamy, Gudasalamani Ravikanth, Vilma Bodos, Julia Sang, Rekha R. Warrier, Alison K. S. Wee, Christian Elloran, Lawrence Tolentino Ramos, Matieu Henry, Md. Akhter Hossain, Ida Theilade, Simon Laegaard, K. M. A. Bandara, Dimantha Panduka Weerasinghe, Suchitra Changtragoon, Vivi Yuskianti, Peter Wilkie, Nguyen Hoang Nghia, Stephen Elliott, Greuk Pakkad, Pimonrat Tiansawat, Colin Maycock, Chaloun Bounithiphonh, Rozi Mohamed, M. Nazre, Baktiar Nur Siddiqui, Soon-Leong Lee, Chai-Ting Lee, Nurul Farhanah Zakaria, Ida Hartvig, Lutz Lehmann, Dzaeman B. Dzulkifli David, Jens-Peter Barnekow Lillesø, Chhang Phourin, Zheng Yongqi, Huang Ping, Hugo A. Volkaert, Lars Graudal, Arief Hamidi, So Thea, Sineath Sreng, David Boshier, Enrique Tolentino, Wickneswari Ratnam, Mu Mu Aung, Michael Galante, Siti Fatimah Md Isa, Nguyen Quoc Dung, Tran Thi Hoa, Tran Chan Le, Md. Danesh Miah, Abdul Lateef Mohd Zuhry, Deepani Alawathugoda, Amelia Azman, Gamini Pushpakumara, Nur Sumedi, Iskandar Z. Siregar, Hong Kyung Nak, Jean Linsky, Megan Barstow, Lian Pin Koh, Riina Jalonen