학술논문
1[alpha],25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 protects retinal ganglion cells in glaucomatous mice
Document Type
Report
Author
Source
Journal of Neuroinflammation. September 16, 2021, Vol. 18 Issue 1
Subject
Language
English
ISSN
1742-2094
Abstract
Author(s): Francesca Lazzara[sup.1,2] , Rosario Amato[sup.2,3] , Chiara Bianca Maria Platania[sup.1] , Federica Conti[sup.1] , Tsung-Han Chou[sup.2] , Vittorio Porciatti[sup.2] , Filippo Drago[sup.1,4] and Claudio Bucolo[sup.1,4] Introduction Retinal ganglion cell [...]
Background Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy characterized by loss of function and death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), leading to irreversible vision loss. Neuroinflammation is recognized as one of the causes of glaucoma, and currently no treatment is addressing this mechanism. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 (1[alpha],25-dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3, calcitriol), in a genetic model of age-related glaucomatous neurodegeneration (DBA/2J mice). Methods DBA/2J mice were randomized to 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 or vehicle treatment groups. Pattern electroretinogram, flash electroretinogram, and intraocular pressure were recorded weekly. Immunostaining for RBPMS, Iba-1, and GFAP was carried out on retinal flat mounts to assess retinal ganglion cell density and quantify microglial and astrocyte activation, respectively. Molecular biology analyses were carried out to evaluate retinal expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, pNFκB-p65, and neuroprotective factors. Investigators that analysed the data were blind to experimental groups, which were unveiled after graph design and statistical analysis, that were carried out with GraphPad Prism. Several statistical tests and approaches were used: the generalized estimated equations (GEE) analysis, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Results DBA/2J mice treated with 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 for 5 weeks showed improved PERG and FERG amplitudes and reduced RGCs death, compared to vehicle-treated age-matched controls. 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 treatment decreased microglial and astrocyte activation, as well as expression of inflammatory cytokines and pNF-κB-p65 (p < 0.05). Moreover, 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3-treated DBA/2J mice displayed increased mRNA levels of neuroprotective factors (p < 0.05), such as BDNF. Conclusions 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 protected RGCs preserving retinal function, reducing inflammatory cytokines, and increasing expression of neuroprotective factors. Therefore, 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 could attenuate the retinal damage in glaucomatous patients and warrants further clinical evaluation for the treatment of optic neuropathies. Keywords: Inflammation, Cytokines, Glaucoma, Calcitriol, Retina, Vitamin D
Background Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy characterized by loss of function and death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), leading to irreversible vision loss. Neuroinflammation is recognized as one of the causes of glaucoma, and currently no treatment is addressing this mechanism. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 (1[alpha],25-dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3, calcitriol), in a genetic model of age-related glaucomatous neurodegeneration (DBA/2J mice). Methods DBA/2J mice were randomized to 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 or vehicle treatment groups. Pattern electroretinogram, flash electroretinogram, and intraocular pressure were recorded weekly. Immunostaining for RBPMS, Iba-1, and GFAP was carried out on retinal flat mounts to assess retinal ganglion cell density and quantify microglial and astrocyte activation, respectively. Molecular biology analyses were carried out to evaluate retinal expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, pNFκB-p65, and neuroprotective factors. Investigators that analysed the data were blind to experimental groups, which were unveiled after graph design and statistical analysis, that were carried out with GraphPad Prism. Several statistical tests and approaches were used: the generalized estimated equations (GEE) analysis, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Results DBA/2J mice treated with 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 for 5 weeks showed improved PERG and FERG amplitudes and reduced RGCs death, compared to vehicle-treated age-matched controls. 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 treatment decreased microglial and astrocyte activation, as well as expression of inflammatory cytokines and pNF-κB-p65 (p < 0.05). Moreover, 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3-treated DBA/2J mice displayed increased mRNA levels of neuroprotective factors (p < 0.05), such as BDNF. Conclusions 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 protected RGCs preserving retinal function, reducing inflammatory cytokines, and increasing expression of neuroprotective factors. Therefore, 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 could attenuate the retinal damage in glaucomatous patients and warrants further clinical evaluation for the treatment of optic neuropathies. Keywords: Inflammation, Cytokines, Glaucoma, Calcitriol, Retina, Vitamin D