부산대학교 도서관

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00097.x Byline: Jean-Luc Mainardi (1,2,3,4), Regis Villet (1,2,3), Timothy D. Bugg (5), Claudine Mayer (1,2,3), Michel Arthur (1,2,3) Keywords: antibiotic resistance; [beta]-lactam; glycopeptide; Gram-positive bacteria; peptidoglycan synthesis Abstract: Abstract Acquisition of resistance to the two classes of antibiotics therapeutically used against Gram-positive bacteria, the glycopeptides and the [beta]-lactams, has revealed an unexpected flexibility in the peptidoglycan assembly pathway. Glycopeptides select for diversification of the fifth position of stem pentapeptides because replacement of d-Ala by d-lactate or d-Ser at this position prevents binding of the drugs to peptidoglycan precursors. The substitution is generally well tolerated by the classical d,d-transpeptidases belonging to the penicillin-binding protein family, except by low-affinity enzymes. Total elimination of the fifth residue by a d,d-carboxypeptidase requires a novel cross-linking enzyme able to process the resulting tetrapeptide stems. This enzyme, an l,d-transpeptidase, confers cross-resistance to [beta]-lactams and glycopeptides. Diversification of the side chain of the precursors, presumably in response to the selective pressure of peptidoglycan endopeptidases, is controlled by aminoacyl transferases of the Fem family that redirect specific aminoacyl-tRNAs from translation to peptidoglycan synthesis. Diversification of the side chains has been accompanied by a parallel divergent evolution of the substrate specificity of the l,d-transpeptidases, in contrast to the d,d-transpeptidases, which display an unexpected broad specificity. This review focuses on the role of antibiotics in selecting or counter-selecting diversification of the structure of peptidoglycan precursors and their mode of polymerization. Author Affiliation: (1)INSERM, U872, LRMA, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France (2)Universite Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR 872, Paris, France (3)Universite Paris Descartes, UMR 872, Paris, France (4)AP-HP, Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (5)Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Article History: Received 17 August 2007; revised 24 October 2007; accepted 31 October 2007.First published online February 2008. Article note: Correspondence: Michel Arthur, LRMA, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMRS 872 - Pole 4 - Equipe 12 (ex U655), INSERM-Universite Pierre et Marie Curie - Universite Paris Descartes, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Medecine, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France. Tel.: +33 1 43 25 00 33; fax: +33 1 43 25 68 12; e-mail: michel.arthur@bhdc.jussieu.fr