학술논문
Hybrid Fingerprinting and Ray Extension Localization in NLOS Regions
Document Type
Periodical
Source
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst. Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on. 23(12):23503-23516 Dec, 2022
Subject
Language
ISSN
1524-9050
1558-0016
1558-0016
Abstract
A general non-asymptotic theoretical analysis is developed for fingerprinting localization system designs. Based on this analysis, hybrid fingerprinting and propagation-based methods are proposed using 5G-like received signal strength (RSS), time of arrival (TOA), and direction of arrival (DOA) measurements which have been a focus in recent 3GPP Rel 16 and Rel 17 positioning activities. The proposed hybrid methods have the flexibility and robustness of fingerprinting methods in dealing with none-line-of-sight (NLOS) problem while inheriting the efficiency and accuracy of propagation-based methods in 3-D localization. Specifically, a ray extension technique is developed as the propagation-based method. Then the ray extension is combined with two fingerprinting methods, the conventional weighted k-nearest neighbors (WKNN) and the proposed optimal WKNN (OWKNN), in order to remedy the geometrical deficiency in fingerprinting methods. Based on the non-asymptotic study, the proposed hybrid methods are guaranteed to outperform the fingerprinting methods without ray extension. Verification of the proposed methods is performed in a large none-line-of-sight (NLOS) urban San Jose region using simulation data provided by a previously developed super-efficient ray launcher.