학술논문
Effect of high-dose Spirulina supplementation on hospitalized adults with COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial
Document Type
article
Author
Mohammad Reza Aghasadeghi; Mohammad Ali Zaheri Birgani; Saeedreza Jamalimoghadamsiyahkali; Hadiseh Hosamirudsari; Ali Moradi; Majid Jafari-Sabet; Nooshin Sadigh; Pooneh Rahimi; Rezvan Tavakoli; Mojtaba Hamidi-Fard; Golnaz Bahramali; Zohal Parmoon; Sina Arjmand Hashjin; Ghasem Mirzajani; Reza Kouhkheil; Somayeh Roshangaran; Samineh Khalaf; Mohammad Khademi Nadoushan; Ghazaleh Gholamiyan Yousef Abad; Nima Shahryarpour; Mohammad Izadi; Abolfazl Zendedel; Shayesteh Jahanfar; Omid Dadras; SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi; Daniel Hackett
Source
Frontiers in Immunology, Vol 15 (2024)
Subject
Language
English
ISSN
1664-3224
Abstract
ObjectiveSpirulina (arthrospira platensis) is a cyanobacterium proven to have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. However, the effect of high-dose Spirulina supplementation on hospitalized adults with COVID-19 is currently unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of high-dose Spirulina platensis for SARS-CoV-2 infection.Study DesignWe conducted a randomized, controlled, open-label trial involving 189 patients with COVID-19 who were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to an experimental group that received 15.2g of Spirulina supplement plus standard treatment (44 non-intensive care unit (non-ICU) and 47 ICU), or to a control group that received standard treatment alone (46 non-ICU and 52 ICU). The study was conducted over six days. Immune mediators were monitored on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. The primary outcome of this study was mortality or hospital discharge within seven days, while the overall discharge or mortality was considered the secondary outcome.ResultsWithin seven days, there were no deaths in the Spirulina group, while 15 deaths (15.3%) occurred in the control group. Moreover, within seven days, there was a greater number of patients discharged in the Spirulina group (97.7%) in non-ICU compared to the control group (39.1%) (HR, 6.52; 95% CI, 3.50 to 12.17). Overall mortality was higher in the control group (8.7% non-ICU, 28.8% ICU) compared to the Spirulina group (non-ICU HR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.97; ICU, HR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.48). In non-ICU, patients who received Spirulina showed a significant reduction in the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and IP-10 as intervention time increased. Furthermore, in ICU, patients who received Spirulina showed a significant decrease in the levels of MIP-1α and IL-6. IFN-γ levels were significantly higher in the intervention group in both ICU and non-ICU subgroups as intervention time increased. No side effects related to Spirulina supplements were observed during the trial.ConclusionHigh-dose Spirulina supplements coupled with the standard treatment of COVID-19 may improve recovery and remarkably reduce mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.Clinical Trial Registrationhttps://irct.ir/trial/54375, Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials number (IRCT20210216050373N1)