부산대학교 도서관

Integrative mobilizable elements (IMEs) are widespread but very poorly studied integrated elements that can excise and hijack the transfer apparatus of co-resident conjugative elements to promote their own spreading. Sixty-four putative IMEs, harboring closely related mobilization and recombination modules, were found in 14 Streptococcus species and in Staphylococcus aureus. Fifty-three are integrated into the origin of transfer (oriT) of a host integrative conjugative element (ICE), encoding a MobT relaxase and belonging to three distant families: ICESt3, Tn916, and ICE6013. The others are integrated into an unrelated IME or in chromosomal sites. After labeling by an antibiotic resistance gene, the conjugative transfer of one of these IMEs (named IME_oriTs) and its host ICE was measured. Although the IME is integrated in an ICE, it does not transfer as a part of the host ICE (no cis-mobilization). The IME excises and transfers separately from the ICE (without impacting its transfer rate) using its own relaxase, distantly related to all known MobT relaxases, and integrates in the oriT of the ICE after transfer. Overall, IME_oriTs use MobT-encoding ICEs both as hosts and as helpers for conjugative transfer. As half of them carry lsa(C), they actively participate in the dissemination of lincosamide–streptogramin A–pleuromutilin resistance among Firmicutes.