학술논문
Seasonal variations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water and health risk assessment via Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity analysis in southern Iran's largest city
Document Type
article
Author
Source
Applied Water Science, Vol 13, Iss 12, Pp 1-17 (2023)
Subject
Language
English
ISSN
2190-5487
2190-5495
2190-5495
Abstract
Abstract The escalating concern over the presence and health implications of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water has underscored the need for rigorous risk assessments. Our study aimed to quantify both the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with exposure to selected PTEs—namely arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd). Also, we evaluated ingestion and skin contact exposures to risks during summer and winter using metrics such as the hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and cancer risk (CR) for children, adult males, and adult females. For all demographic groups and exposure pathways, the HQ values remain below the established safety threshold (HQ