부산대학교 도서관

[目的]分析不同施肥措施对小麦品质性状的影响,为优质小麦提供指导性建议.[方法]有机无机肥配合施用试验位于青岛农业大学莱阳长期定位试验站,始于 1978 年,共设 9 个处理,分别为不施肥对照(CK)、适量化肥氮 138 kg/hm2(N1)、适量有机肥 30000 kg/hm2(M1)、有机肥 30000 kg/hm2+化肥氮 138 kg/hm2(M1N1)、过量化肥氮 276 kg/hm2(N2)、过量有机肥 60000 kg/hm2(M2)、有机肥 30000 kg/hm2+化肥氮 276 kg/hm2(M1N2)、有机肥 60000 kg/hm2+化肥氮 138 kg/hm2(M2N1)、有机肥 60000 kg/hm2+化肥氮 276 kg/hm2(M2N2),其中N1 和M1 为等氮量处理,N2 和M2 为等氮量处理.于 2021 年小麦成熟期,取籽粒样测定了籽粒营养与加工品质指标.[结果]适量氮肥显著提高了小麦籽粒Fe、粗蛋白、干湿面筋含量,提高出粉率,且化肥的提升效果优于有机肥.N2 显著降低了小麦淀粉含量,影响糊化特性;M2 处理小麦籽粒各项品质指标较M1 得到提升,糊化特性也得到相应改善.与单施化肥(N1、N2)、有机肥(M1、M2)相比,M2N1 显著改善了小麦籽粒品质,M2N1 与CK相比分别提高Fe(34.26%)、Zn(19.77%)、出粉率(7.98%)、粗蛋白含量(30.75%)、淀粉含量(12.82%)、峰值黏度(24.93%)、崩解值(14.81%)、回复值(27.64%).相比于M2N1,M2N2 则降低了Zn含量、出粉率、容重、粗蛋白、淀粉含量、糊化特性.相关性分析显示,面粉中支链淀粉、总淀粉、支链淀粉/直链淀粉与峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度呈极显著正相关,容重、硬度与峰值黏度、谷值黏度呈极显著负相关,直链淀粉与峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度呈负相关.[结论]单施化肥可以显著提升小麦出粉率、蛋白质和面筋含量等品质,单施有机肥改善小麦面粉淀粉含量和糊化特性的效果更好,有机肥与氮肥配施可同时提升小麦的营养和加工品质,综合各项指标,最有利于小麦品质的施肥措施为年施有机肥 60000 kg/hm2+化肥氮138 kg/hm2.
[Objectives]We analyzed the nutrition and grinding qualities of high gluten wheat under different organic and chemical fertilizer combinations,to provide suitable fertilizer measurement for high-quality wheat production.[Methods]The research was based on a long-term organic-chemical combined fertilization experiment,that was located in Qingdao City of Shandong Province,and started since 1978.Nine treatments were set up,namely,no fertilizer control(CK),chemical N 138 kg/hm2(N1),organic fertilizer(manure)30000 kg/hm2(M1),manure 30000 kg/hm2+ N 138 kg/hm2(M1N1),N 276 kg/hm2(N2),manure 60000 kg/hm2(M2),manure 30000 kg/hm2 + N 276 kg/hm2(M1N2),manure 60000 kg/hm2 + N 138 kg/hm2(M2N1),manure 60000 kg/hm2 +N 276 kg/hm2(M2N2).The same amount of N was applied in N1 and M1 treatments,and in N2 and M2 treatments.At maturity in 2021,wheat grain samples were taken for the determination of the nutritional and processing quality indexes.[Results]N1 treatment significantly increased the Fe,crude protein,dry and wet gluten content of wheat kernels,and improved flour yield,and the effect of chemical fertilizer was better than that of organic fertilizer.While N2 significantly reduced the starch content of wheat,which affected the pasting characteristics;M2 treatment had higher quality indexes than M1,and the pasting characteristics in M2 were improved accordingly.M2N1 significantly increased grain Fe content by 34.26%,Zn content by 19.77%,flour yield by 7.98%,crude protein content by 30.75%,starch content by 12.82%,peak viscosity by 24.93%,disintegration value by 14.81%,and repatriation value by 27.64%,compared to CK,and all the above indicator values were higher than those of the single chemical fertilizer(N1,N2)and organic fertilizer(M1,M2)treatments.Compared to M2N1,M2N2 reduced Zn content,flour yield,capacity,crude protein,amylose content,and pasting characteristics.The correlation analysis indicates that branched-chain amylose,total amylose,and branched/straight ratio of flour were positively(P<0.01)correlated with peak viscosity,valley viscosity,and final viscosity,while capacity and hardness were negatively(P<0.01)correlated with peak viscosity and valley viscosity,and straight-chain amylose was negatively correlated with peak viscosity,valley viscosity,and final viscosity.[Conclusions]Single application of nitrogen fertilizer can significantly improve wheat flour yield,and protein and gluten content,single application of organic fertilizer has better promotion effect on the starch content and pasting characteristics of wheat flour,organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer combination shares both the beneficial effect in wheat nutrition and processing quality.Comprehensively,combining application of 60000 kg/hm2 organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer N 138 kg/hm2 is recommended for the high quality wheat production.