학술논문

A Joint Fermi-GBM and LIGO/Virgo Analysis of Compact Binary Mergers From the First and Second Gravitational-wave Observing Runs
Document Type
Working Paper
Author
Team, The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst MonitorCollaboration, the LIGO ScientificCollaboration, the VirgoHamburg, R.Fletcher, C.Burns, E.Goldstein, A.Bissaldi, E.Briggs, M. S.Cleveland, W. H.Giles, M. M.Hui, C. M.Kocevski, D.Lesage, S.Mailyan, B.Malacaria, C.Poolakkil, S.Preece, R.Roberts, O. J.Veres, P.von Kienlin, A.Wilson-Hodge, C. A.Wood, J.Abbott, R.Abbott, T. D.Abraham, S.Acernese, F.Ackley, K.Adams, C.Adhikari, R. X.Adya, V. B.Affeldt, C.Agathos, M.Agatsuma, K.Aggarwal, N.Aguiar, O. D.Aich, A.Aiello, L.Ain, A.Ajith, P.Allen, G.Allocca, A.Altin, P. A.Amato, A.Anand, S.Ananyeva, A.Anderson, S. B.Anderson, W. G.Angelova, S. V.Ansoldi, S.Antier, S.Appert, S.Arai, K.Araya, M. C.Areeda, J. S.Arene, M.Arnaud, N.Aronson, S. M.Ascenzi, S.Ashton, G.Aston, S. M.Astone, P.Aubin, F.Aufmuth, P.AultONeal, K.Austin, C.Avendano, V.Babak, S.Bacon, P.Badaracco, F.Bader, M. K. M.Bae, S.Baer, A. M.Baird, J.Baldaccini, F.Ballardin, G.Ballmer, S. W.Bals, A.Balsamo, A.Baltus, G.Banagiri, S.Bankar, D.Bankar, R. S.Barayoga, J. C.Barbieri, C.Barish, B. C.Barker, D.Barkett, K.Barneo, P.Barone, F.Barr, B.Barsotti, L.Barsuglia, M.Barta, D.Bartlett, J.Bartos, I.Bassiri, R.Basti, A.Bawaj, M.Bayley, J. C.Bazzan, M.Becsy, B.Bejger, M.Belahcene, I.Bell, A. S.Beniwal, D.Benjamin, M. G.Bentley, J. D.Bergamin, F.Berger, B. K.Bergmann, G.Bernuzzi, S.Berry, C. P. L.Bersanetti, D.Bertolini, A.Betzwieser, J.Bhandare, R.Bhandari, A. V.Bidler, J.Biggs, E.Bilenko, I. A.Billingsley, G.Birney, R.Birnholtz, O.Biscans, S.Bischi, M.Biscoveanu, S.Bisht, A.Bissenbayeva, G.Bitossi, M.Bizouard, M. A.Blackburn, J. K.Blackman, J.Blair, C. D.Blair, D. G.Blair, R. M.Bobba, F.Bode, N.Boer, M.Boetzel, Y.Bogaert, G.Bondu, F.Bonilla, E.Bonnand, R.Booker, P.Boom, B. A.Bork, R.Boschi, V.Bose, S.Bossilkov, V.Bosveld, J.Bouffanais, Y.Bozzi, A.Bradaschia, C.Brady, P. R.Bramley, A.Branchesi, M.Brau, J. E.Breschi, M.Briant, T.Briggs, J. H.Brighenti, F.Brillet, A.Brinkmann, M.Brockill, P.Brooks, A. F.Brooks, J.Brown, D. D.Brunett, S.Bruno, G.Bruntz, R.Buikema, A.Bulik, T.Bulten, H. J.Buonanno, A.Buskulic, D.Byer, R. L.Cabero, M.Cadonati, L.Cagnoli, G.Cahillane, C.Bustillo, J. CalderonCallaghan, J. D.Callister, T. A.Calloni, E.Camp, J. B.Canepa, M.Cannon, K. C.Cao, H.Cao, J.Carapella, G.Carbognani, F.Caride, S.Carney, M. F.Carullo, G.Diaz, J. CasanuevaCasentini, C.Castaneda, J.Caudill, S.Cavaglia, M.Cavalier, F.Cavalieri, R.Cella, G.Cerda-Duran, P.Cesarini, E.Chaibi, O.Chakravarti, K.Chan, C.Chan, M.Chao, S.Charlton, P.Chase, E. A.Chassande-Mottin, E.Chatterjee, D.Chaturvedi, M.Chen, H. Y.Chen, X.Chen, Y.Cheng, H. P.Cheong, C. K.Chia, H. Y.Chiadini, F.Chierici, R.Chincarini, A.Chiummo, A.Cho, G.Cho, H. S.Cho, M.Christensen, N.Chu, Q.Chua, S.Chung, K. W.Chung, S.Ciani, G.Ciecielag, P.Cieslar, M.Ciobanu, A. A.Ciolfi, R.Cipriano, F.Cirone, A.Clara, F.Clark, J. A.Clearwater, P.Clesse, S.Cleva, F.Coccia, E.Cohadon, P. -F.Cohen, D.Colleoni, M.Collette, C. G.Collins, C.Colpi, M.Constancio Jr., M.Conti, L.Cooper, S. J.Corban, P.Corbitt, T. R.Cordero-Carrion, I.Corezzi, S.Corley, K. R.Cornish, N.Corre, D.Corsi, A.Cortese, S.Costa, C. A.Cotesta, R.Coughlin, M. W.Coughlin, S. B.Coulon, J. P.Countryman, S. T.Couvares, P.Covas, P. B.Coward, D. M.Cowart, M. J.Coyne, D. C.Coyne, R.Creighton, J. D. E.Creighton, T. D.Cripe, J.Croquette, M.Crowder, S. G.Cudell, J. R.Cullen, T. J.Cumming, A.Cummings, R.Cunningham, L.Cuoco, E.Curylo, M.Canton, T. DalDalya, G.Dana, A.Daneshgaran-Bajastani, L. M.D'Angelo, B.Danilishin, S. L.D'Antonio, S.Danzmann, K.Darsow-Fromm, C.Dasgupta, A.Datrier, L. E. H.Dattilo, V.Dave, I.Davier, M.Davies, G. S.Davis, D.Daw, E. J.DeBra, D.Deenadayalan, M.Degallaix, J.De Laurentis, M.Deleglise, S.Delfavero, M.De Lillo, N.Del Pozzo, W.DeMarchi, L. M.D'Emilio, V.Demos, N.Dent, T.De Pietri, R.De Rosa, R.De Rossi, C.DeSalvo, R.de Varona, O.Dhurandhar, S.Diaz, M. C.Diaz-Ortiz Jr., M.Dietrich, T.Di Fiore, L.Di Fronzo, C.Di Giorgio, C.Di Giovanni, F.Di Giovanni, M.Di Girolamo, T.Di Lieto, A.Ding, B.Di Pace, S.Di Palma, I.Di Renzo, F.Divakarla, A. K.Dmitriev, A.Doctor, Z.Donovan, F.Dooley, K. L.Doravari, S.Dorrington, I.Downes, T. P.Drago, M.Driggers, J. C.Du, Z.Ducoin, J. G.Dupej, P.Durante, O.D'Urso, D.Dwyer, S. E.Easter, P. J.Eddolls, G.Edelman, B.Edo, T. B.Edy, O.Effler, A.Ehrens, P.Eichholz, J.Eikenberry, S. S.Eisenmann, M.Eisenstein, R. A.Ejlli, A.Errico, L.Essick, R. C.Estelles, H.Estevez, D.Etienne, Z. B.Etzel, T.Evans, M.Evans, T. M.Ewing, B. E.Fafone, V.Fairhurst, S.Fan, X.Farinon, S.Farr, B.Farr, W. M.Fauchon-Jones, E. J.Favata, M.Fays, M.Fazio, M.Feicht, J.Fejer, M. M.Feng, F.Fenyvesi, E.Ferguson, D. L.Fernandez-Galiana, A.Ferrante, I.Ferreira, E. C.Ferreira, T. A.Fidecaro, F.Fiori, I.Fiorucci, D.Fishbach, M.Fisher, R. P.Fittipaldi, R.Fitz-Axen, M.Fiumara, V.Flaminio, R.Floden, E.Flynn, E.Fong, H.Font, J. A.Forsyth, P. W. F.Fournier, J. -D.Frasca, S.Frasconi, F.Frei, Z.Freise, A.Frey, R.Frey, V.Fritschel, P.Frolov, V. V.Fronze, G.Fulda, P.Fyffe, M.Gabbard, H. A.Gadre, B. U.Gaebel, S. M.Gair, J. R.Galaudage, S.Ganapathy, D.Gaonkar, S. G.Garcia-Quiros, C.Garufi, F.Gateley, B.Gaudio, S.Gayathri, V.Gemme, G.Genin, E.Gennai, A.George, D.George, J.Gergely, L.Ghonge, S.Ghosh, AbhirupGhosh, ArchismanGhosh, S.Giacomazzo, B.Giaime, J. A.Giardina, K. D.Gibson, D. R.Gier, C.Gill, K.Glanzer, J.Gniesmer, J.Godwin, P.Goetz, E.Goetz, R.Gohlke, N.Goncharov, B.Gonzalez, G.Gopakumar, A.Gossan, S. E.Gosselin, M.Gouaty, R.Grace, B.Grado, A.Granata, M.Grant, A.Gras, S.Grassia, P.Gray, C.Gray, R.Greco, G.Green, A. C.Green, R.Gretarsson, E. M.Griggs, H. L.Grignani, G.Grimaldi, A.Grimm, S. J.Grote, H.Grunewald, S.Gruning, P.Guidi, G. M.Guimaraes, A. R.Guixe, G.Gulati, H. K.Guo, Y.Gupta, A.Gupta, AnchalGupta, P.Gustafson, E. K.Gustafson, R.Haegel, L.Halim, O.Hall, E. D.Hamilton, E. Z.Hammond, G.Haney, M.Hanke, M. M.Hanks, J.Hanna, C.Hannam, M. D.Hannuksela, O. A.Hansen, T. J.Hanson, J.Harder, T.Hardwick, T.Haris, K.Harms, J.Harry, G. M.Harry, I. W.Hasskew, R. K.Haster, C. -J.Haughian, K.Hayes, F. J.Healy, J.Heidmann, A.Heintze, M. C.Heinze, J.Heitmann, H.Hellman, F.Hello, P.Hemming, G.Hendry, M.Heng, I. S.Hennes, E.Hennig, J.Heurs, M.Hild, S.Hinderer, T.Hoback, S. Y.Hochheim, S.Hofgard, E.Hofman, D.Holgado, A. M.Holland, N. A.Holt, K.Holz, D. E.Hopkins, P.Horst, C.Hough, J.Howell, E. J.Hoy, C. G.Huang, Y.Hubner, M. T.Huerta, E. A.Huet, D.Hughey, B.Hui, V.Husa, S.Huttner, S. H.Huxford, R.Huynh-Dinh, T.Idzkowski, B.Iess, A.Inchauspe, H.Ingram, C.Intini, G.Isac, J. -M.Isi, M.Iyer, B. R.Jacqmin, T.Jadhav, S. J.Jadhav, S. P.James, A. L.Jani, K.Janthalur, N. N.Jaranowski, P.Jariwala, D.Jaume, R.Jenkins, A. C.Jiang, J.Johns, G. R.Jones, A. W.Jones, D. I.Jones, J. D.Jones, P.Jones, R.Jonker, R. J. G.Ju, L.Junker, J.Kalaghatgi, C. V.Kalogera, V.Kamai, B.Kandhasamy, S.Kang, G.Kanner, J. B.Kapadia, S. J.Karki, S.Kashyap, R.Kasprzack, M.Kastaun, W.Katsanevas, S.Katsavounidis, E.Katzman, W.Kaufer, S.Kawabe, K.Kefelian, F.Keitel, D.Keivani, A.Kennedy, R.Key, J. S.Khadka, S.Khalili, F. Y.Khan, I.Khan, S.Khan, Z. A.Khazanov, E. A.Khetan, N.Khursheed, M.Kijbunchoo, N.Kim, ChungleeKim, G. J.Kim, J. C.Kim, K.Kim, W.Kim, W. S.Kim, Y. -M.Kimball, C.King, P. J.Kinley-Hanlon, M.Kirchhoff, R.Kissel, J. S.Kleybolte, L.Klimenko, S.Knowles, T. D.Koch, P.Koehlenbeck, S. M.Koekoek, G.Koley, S.Kondrashov, V.Kontos, A.Koper, N.Korobko, M.Korth, W. Z.Kovalam, M.Kozak, D. B.Kringel, V.Krishnendu, N. V.Krolak, A.Krupinski, N.Kuehn, G.Kumar, A.Kumar, P.Kumar, RahulKumar, RakeshKumar, S.Kuo, L.Kutynia, A.Lackey, B. D.Laghi, D.Lalande, E.Lam, T. L.Lamberts, A.Landry, M.Lane, B. B.Lang, R. N.Lange, J.Lantz, B.Lanza, R. K.La Rosa, I.Lartaux-Vollard, A.Lasky, P. D.Laxen, M.Lazzarini, A.Lazzaro, C.Leaci, P.Leavey, S.Lecoeuche, Y. K.Lee, C. H.Lee, H. M.Lee, H. W.Lee, J.Lee, K.Lehmann, J.Leroy, N.Letendre, N.Levin, Y.Li, A. K. Y.Li, J.li, K.Li, T. G. F.Li, X.Linde, F.Linker, S. D.Linley, J. N.Littenberg, T. B.Liu, J.Liu, X.Llorens-Monteagudo, M.Lo, R. K. L.Lockwood, A.London, L. T.Longo, A.Lorenzini, M.Loriette, V.Lormand, M.Losurdo, G.Lough, J. D.Lousto, C. O.Lovelace, G.Luck, H.Lumaca, D.Lundgren, A. P.Ma, Y.Macas, R.Macfoy, S.MacInnis, M.Macleod, D. M.MacMillan, I. A. O.Macquet, A.Hernandez, I. MaganaMagana-Sandoval, F.Magee, R. M.Majorana, E.Maksimovic, I.Malik, A.Man, N.Mandic, V.Mangano, V.Mansell, G. L.Manske, M.Mantovani, M.Mapelli, M.Marchesoni, F.Marion, F.Marka, S.Marka, Z.Markakis, C.Markosyan, A. S.Markowitz, A.Maros, E.Marquina, A.Marsat, S.Martelli, F.Martin, I. W.Martin, R. M.Martinez, V.Martynov, D. V.Masalehdan, H.Mason, K.Massera, E.Masserot, A.Massinger, T. J.Masso-Reid, M.Mastrogiovanni, S.Matas, A.Matichard, F.Mavalvala, N.Maynard, E.McCann, J. J.McCarthy, R.McClelland, D. E.McCormick, S.McCuller, L.McGuire, S. C.McIsaac, C.McIver, J.McManus, D. J.McRae, T.McWilliams, S. T.Meacher, D.Meadors, G. D.Mehmet, M.Mehta, A. K.Villa, E. MejutoMelatos, A.Mendell, G.Mercer, R. A.Mereni, L.Merfeld, K.Merilh, E. L.Merritt, J. D.Merzougui, M.Meshkov, S.Messenger, C.Messick, C.Metzdorff, R.Meyers, P. M.Meylahn, F.Mhaske, A.Miani, A.Miao, H.Michaloliakos, I.Michel, C.Middleton, H.Milano, L.Miller, A. L.Millhouse, M.Mills, J. C.Milotti, E.Milovich-Goff, M. C.Minazzoli, O.Minenkov, Y.Mishkin, A.Mishra, C.Mistry, T.Mitra, S.Mitrofanov, V. P.Mitselmakher, G.Mittleman, R.Mo, G.Mogushi, K.Mohapatra, S. R. P.Mohite, S. R.Molina-Ruiz, M.Mondin, M.Montani, M.Moore, C. J.Moraru, D.Morawski, F.Moreno, G.Morisaki, S.Mours, B.Mow-Lowry, C. M.Mozzon, S.Muciaccia, F.Mukherjee, ArunavaMukherjee, D.Mukherjee, S.Mukherjee, SubrotoMukund, N.Mullavey, A.Munch, J.Muniz, E. A.Murray, P. G.Nagar, A.Nardecchia, I.Naticchioni, L.Nayak, R. K.Neil, B. F.Neilson, J.Nelemans, G.Nelson, T. J. N.Nery, M.Neunzert, A.Ng, K. Y.Ng, S.Nguyen, C.Nguyen, P.Nichols, D.Nichols, S. A.Nissanke, S.Nocera, F.Noh, M.North, C.Nothard, D.Nuttall, L. K.Oberling, J.O'Brien, B. D.Oganesyan, G.Ogin, G. H.Oh, J. J.Oh, S. H.Ohme, F.Ohta, H.Okada, M. A.Oliver, M.Olivetto, C.Oppermann, P.Oram, Richard J.O'Reilly, B.Ormiston, R. G.Ortega, L. F.O'Shaughnessy, R.Ossokine, S.Osthelder, C.Ottaway, D. J.Overmier, H.Owen, B. J.Pace, A. E.Pagano, G.Page, M. A.Pagliaroli, G.Pai, A.Pai, S. A.Palamos, J. R.Palashov, O.Palomba, C.Pan, H.Panda, P. K.Pang, P. T. H.Pankow, C.Pannarale, F.Pant, B. C.Paoletti, F.Paoli, A.Parida, A.Parker, W.Pascucci, D.Pasqualetti, A.Passaquieti, R.Passuello, D.Patricelli, B.Payne, E.Pearlstone, B. L.Pechsiri, T. C.Pedersen, A. 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J.Romanelli, M.Romano, R.Romel, C. L.Romero-Shaw, I. M.Romie, J. H.Rose, C. A.Rose, D.Rose, K.Rosinska, D.Rosofsky, S. G.Ross, M. P.Rowan, S.Rowlinson, S. J.Roy, P. K.Roy, SantoshRoy, SoumenRuggi, P.Rutins, G.Ryan, K.Sachdev, S.Sadecki, T.Sakellariadou, M.Salafia, O. S.Salconi, L.Saleem, M.Samajdar, A.Sanchez, E. J.Sanchez, L. E.Sanchis-Gual, N.Sanders, J. R.Santiago, K. A.Santos, E.Sarin, N.Sassolas, B.Sathyaprakash, B. S.Sauter, O.Savage, R. L.Savant, V.Sawant, D.Sayah, S.Schaetzl, D.Schale, P.Scheel, M.Scheuer, J.Schmidt, P.Schnabel, R.Schofield, R. M. S.Schonbeck, A.Schreiber, E.Schulte, B. W.Schutz, B. F.Schwarm, O.Schwartz, E.Scott, J.Scott, S. M.Seidel, E.Sellers, D.Sengupta, A. S.Sennett, N.Sentenac, D.Sequino, V.Sergeev, A.Setyawati, Y.Shaddock, D. A.Shaffer, T.Shahriar, M. S.Sharma, A.Sharma, P.Shawhan, P.Shen, H.Shikauchi, M.Shink, R.Shoemaker, D. H.Shoemaker, D. M.Shukla, K.ShyamSundar, S.Siellez, K.Sieniawska, M.Sigg, D.Singer, L. P.Singh, D.Singh, N.Singha, A.Singhal, A.Sintes, A. M.Sipala, V.Skliris, V.Slagmolen, B. J. J.Slaven-Blair, T. J.Smetana, J.Smith, J. R.Smith, R. J. E.Somala, S.Son, E. J.Soni, S.Sorazu, B.Sordini, V.Sorrentino, F.Souradeep, T.Sowell, E.Spencer, A. P.Spera, M.Srivastava, A. K.Srivastava, V.Staats, K.Stachie, C.Standke, M.Steer, D. A.Steinke, M.Steinlechner, J.Steinlechner, S.Steinmeyer, D.Stocks, D.Stops, D. J.Stover, M.Strain, K. A.Stratta, G.Strunk, A.Sturani, R.Stuver, A. L.Sudhagar, S.Sudhir, V.Summerscales, T. Z.Sun, L.Sunil, S.Sur, A.Suresh, J.Sutton, P. J.Swinkels, B. L.Szczepanczyk, M. J.Tacca, M.Tait, S. C.Talbot, C.Tanasijczuk, A. J.Tanner, D. B.Tao, D.Tapai, M.Tapia, A.Martin, E. N. Tapia SanTasson, J. D.Taylor, R.Tenorio, R.Terkowski, L.Thirugnanasambandam, M. P.Thomas, M.Thomas, P.Thompson, J. E.Thondapu, S. R.Thorne, K. A.Thrane, E.Tinsman, C. L.Saravanan, T. R.Tiwari, ShubhanshuTiwari, S.Tiwari, V.Toland, K.Tonelli, M.Tornasi, Z.Torres-Forne, A.Torrie, C. I.Melo, I. Tosta eToyra, D.Trail, E. A.Travasso, F.Traylor, G.Tringali, M. C.Tripathee, A.Trovato, A.Trudeau, R. J.Tsang, K. W.Tse, M.Tso, R.Tsukada, L.Tsuna, D.Tsutsui, T.Turconi, M.Ubhi, A. S.Ueno, K.Ugolini, D.Unnikrishnan, C. S.Urban, A. L.Usman, S. A.Utina, A. C.Vahlbruch, H.Vajente, G.Valdes, G.Valentini, M.van Bakel, N.van Beuzekom, M.Brand, J. F. J. van denBroeck, C. Van DenVander-Hyde, D. C.van der Schaaf, L.Van Heijningen, J. V.van Veggel, A. A.Vardaro, M.Varma, V.Vass, S.Vasuth, M.Vecchio, A.Vedovato, G.Veitch, J.Veitch, P. J.Venkateswara, K.Venugopalan, G.Verkindt, D.Veske, D.Vetrano, F.Vicere, A.Viets, A. D.Vinciguerra, S.Vine, D. J.Vinet, J. -Y.Vitale, S.Vivanco, Francisco HernandezVo, T.Vocca, H.Vorvick, C.Vyatchanin, S. P.Wade, A. R.Wade, L. E.Wade, M.Walet, R.Walker, M.Wallace, G. S.Wallace, L.Walsh, S.Wang, J. Z.Wang, S.Wang, W. H.Ward, R. L.Warden, Z. A.Warner, J.Was, M.Watchi, J.Weaver, B.Wei, L. W.Weinert, M.Weinstein, A. J.Weiss, R.Wellmann, F.Wen, L.Wessels, P.Westhouse, J. W.Wette, K.Whelan, J. T.Whiting, B. F.Whittle, C.Wilken, D. M.Williams, D.Willis, J. L.Willke, B.Winkler, W.Wipf, C. C.Wittel, H.Woan, G.Woehler, J.Wofford, J. K.Wong, C.Wright, J. L.Wu, D. S.Wysocki, D. M.Xiao, L.Yamamoto, H.Yang, L.Yang, Y.Yang, Z.Yap, M. J.Yazback, M.Yeeles, D. W.Yu, HangYu, HaocunYuen, S. H. R.Zadrozny, A. K.Zadrozny, A.Zanolin, M.Zelenova, T.Zendri, J. P.Zevin, M.Zhang, J.Zhang, L.Zhang, T.Zhao, C.Zhao, G.Zhou, M.Zhou, Z.Zhu, X. J.Zimmerman, A. B.Zucker, M. E.Zweizig, J.
Source
The Astrophysical Journal, 893:100 (14pp), 2020 April 20
Subject
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Language
Abstract
We present results from offline searches of Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) data for gamma-ray transients coincident with the compact binary coalescences observed by the gravitational-wave (GW) detectors Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo during their first and second observing runs. In particular, we perform follow-up for both confirmed events and low significance candidates reported in the LIGO/Virgo catalog GWTC-1. We search for temporal coincidences between these GW signals and GBM triggered gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We also use the GBM Untargeted and Targeted subthreshold searches to find coincident gamma-rays below the on-board triggering threshold. This work implements a refined statistical approach by incorporating GW astrophysical source probabilities and GBM visibilities of LIGO/Virgo sky localizations to search for cumulative signatures of coincident subthreshold gamma-rays. All search methods recover the short gamma-ray burst GRB 170817A occurring ~1.7 s after the binary neutron star merger GW170817. We also present results from a new search seeking GBM counterparts to LIGO single-interferometer triggers. This search finds a candidate joint event, but given the nature of the GBM signal and localization, as well as the high joint false alarm rate of $1.1 \times 10^{-6}$ Hz, we do not consider it an astrophysical association. We find no additional coincidences.
Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 18 pages, 4 figures, 1 table