학술논문
Mass Testing and Characterization of 20-inch PMTs for JUNO
Document Type
Working Paper
Author
Abusleme, Angel; Adam, Thomas; Ahmad, Shakeel; Ahmed, Rizwan; Aiello, Sebastiano; Akram, Muhammad; Aleem, Abid; Alexandros, Tsagkarakis; An, Fengpeng; An, Qi; Andronico, Giuseppe; Anfimov, Nikolay; Antonelli, Vito; Antoshkina, Tatiana; Asavapibhop, Burin; de Andre, Joao Pedro Athayde Marcondes; Auguste, Didier; Bai, Weidong; Balashov, Nikita; Baldini, Wander; Barresi, Andrea; Basilico, Davide; Baussan, Eric; Bellato, Marco; Bergnoli, Antonio; Birkenfeld, Thilo; Blin, Sylvie; Blum, David; Blyth, Simon; Bolshakova, Anastasia; Bongrand, Mathieu; Bordereau, Clement; Breton, Dominique; Brigatti, Augusto; Brugnera, Riccardo; Bruno, Riccardo; Budano, Antonio; Busto, Jose; Butorov, Ilya; Cabrera, Anatael; Caccianiga, Barbara; Cai, Hao; Cai, Xiao; Cai, Yanke; Cai, Zhiyan; Callegari, Riccardo; Cammi, Antonio; Campeny, Agustin; Cao, Chuanya; Cao, Guofu; Cao, Jun; Caruso, Rossella; Cerna, Cedric; Chan, Chi; Chang, Jinfan; Chang, Yun; Chen, Guoming; Chen, Pingping; Chen, Po-An; Chen, Shaomin; Chen, Xurong; Chen, Yixue; Chen, Yu; Chen, Zhiyuan; Chen, Zikang; Cheng, Jie; Cheng, Yaping; Cheng, Yu Chin; Chetverikov, Alexey; Chiesa, Davide; Chimenti, Pietro; Chukanov, Artem; Claverie, Gerard; Clementi, Catia; Clerbaux, Barbara; Molla, Marta Colomer; Di Lorenzo, Selma Conforti; Corti, Daniele; Corso, Flavio Dal; Dalager, Olivia; De La Taille, Christophe; Deng, Zhi; Deng, Ziyan; Depnering, Wilfried; Diaz, Marco; Ding, Xuefeng; Ding, Yayun; Dirgantara, Bayu; Dmitrievsky, Sergey; Dohnal, Tadeas; Dolzhikov, Dmitry; Donchenko, Georgy; Dong, Jianmeng; Doroshkevich, Evgeny; Dracos, Marcos; Druillole, Frederic; Du, Ran; Du, Shuxian; Dusini, Stefano; Dvorak, Martin; Enqvist, Timo; Enzmann, Heike; Fabbri, Andrea; Fan, Donghua; Fan, Lei; Fang, Jian; Fang, Wenxing; Fargetta, Marco; Fedoseev, Dmitry; Fei, Zhengyong; Feng, Li-Cheng; Feng, Qichun; Ford, Richard; Fournier, Amelie; Gan, Haonan; Gao, Feng; Garfagnini, Alberto; Gavrikov, Arsenii; Giammarchi, Marco; Giudice, Nunzio; Gonchar, Maxim; Gong, Guanghua; Gong, Hui; Gornushkin, Yuri; Gottel, Alexandre; Grassi, Marco; Gromov, Vasily; Gu, Minghao; Gu, Xiaofei; Gu, Yu; Guan, Mengyun; Guan, Yuduo; Guardone, Nunzio; Guo, Cong; Guo, Jingyuan; Guo, Wanlei; Guo, Xinheng; Guo, Yuhang; Hackspacher, Paul; Hagner, Caren; Han, Ran; Han, Yang; He, Miao; He, Wei; Heinz, Tobias; Hellmuth, Patrick; Heng, Yuekun; Herrera, Rafael; Hor, YuenKeung; Hou, Shaojing; Hsiung, Yee; Hu, Bei-Zhen; Hu, Hang; Hu, Jianrun; Hu, Jun; Hu, Shouyang; Hu, Tao; Hu, Yuxiang; Hu, Zhuojun; Huang, Guihong; Huang, Hanxiong; Huang, Kaixuan; Huang, Wenhao; Huang, Xin; Huang, Xingtao; Huang, Yongbo; Hui, Jiaqi; Huo, Lei; Huo, Wenju; Huss, Cedric; Hussain, Safeer; Ioannisian, Ara; Isocrate, Roberto; Jelmini, Beatrice; Jeria, Ignacio; Ji, Xiaolu; Jia, Huihui; Jia, Junji; Jian, Siyu; Jiang, Di; Jiang, Wei; Jiang, Xiaoshan; Jing, Xiaoping; Jollet, Cecile; Joutsenvaara, Jari; Kalousis, Leonidas; Kampmann, Philipp; Kang, Li; Karaparambil, Rebin; Kazarian, Narine; Khatun, Amina; Khosonthongkee, Khanchai; Korablev, Denis; Kouzakov, Konstantin; Krasnoperov, Alexey; Kutovskiy, Nikolay; Kuusiniemi, Pasi; Lachenmaier, Tobias; Landini, Cecilia; Leblanc, Sebastien; Lebrin, Victor; Lefevre, Frederic; Lei, Ruiting; Leitner, Rupert; Leung, Jason; Li, Daozheng; Li, Demin; Li, Fei; Li, Fule; Li, Gaosong; Li, Huiling; Li, Mengzhao; Li, Min; Li, Nan; Li, Qingjiang; Li, Ruhui; Li, Rui; Li, Shanfeng; Li, Tao; Li, Teng; Li, Weidong; Li, Weiguo; Li, Xiaomei; Li, Xiaonan; Li, Xinglong; Li, Yi; Li, Yichen; Li, Yufeng; Li, Zepeng; Li, Zhaohan; Li, Zhibing; Li, Ziyuan; Li, Zonghai; Liang, Hao; Liao, Jiajun; Limphirat, Ayut; Lin, Guey-Lin; Lin, Shengxin; Lin, Tao; Ling, Jiajie; Lippi, Ivano; Liu, Fang; Liu, Haidong; Liu, Haotian; Liu, Hongbang; Liu, Hongjuan; Liu, Hongtao; Liu, Hui; Liu, Jianglai; Liu, Jinchang; Liu, Min; Liu, Qian; Liu, Qin; Liu, Runxuan; Liu, Shubin; Liu, Shulin; Liu, Xiaowei; Liu, Xiwen; Liu, Yan; Liu, Yunzhe; Lokhov, Alexey; Lombardi, Paolo; Lombardo, Claudio; Loo, Kai; Lu, Chuan; Lu, Haoqi; Lu, Jingbin; Lu, Junguang; Lu, Shuxiang; Lubsandorzhiev, Bayarto; Lubsandorzhiev, Sultim; Ludhova, Livia; Lukanov, Arslan; Luo, Daibin; Luo, Fengjiao; Luo, Guang; Luo, Shu; Luo, Wuming; Luo, Xiaojie; Lyashuk, Vladimir; Ma, Bangzheng; Ma, Bing; Ma, Qiumei; Ma, Si; Ma, Xiaoyan; Ma, Xubo; Maalmi, Jihane; Mai, Jingyu; Malyshkin, Yury; Mandujano, Roberto Carlos; Mantovani, Fabio; Manzali, Francesco; Mao, Xin; Mao, Yajun; Mari, Stefano M.; Marini, Filippo; Martellini, Cristina; Chassard, Gisele Martin; Martini, Agnese; Mayer, Matthias; Mayilyan, Davit; Mednieks, Ints; Meng, Yue; Meregaglia, Anselmo; Meroni, Emanuela; Meyhofer, David; Mezzetto, Mauro; Miller, Jonathan; Miramonti, Lino; Montini, Paolo; Montuschi, Michele; Muller, Axel; Nastasi, Massimiliano; Naumov, Dmitry V.; Naumova, Elena; Navas-Nicolas, Diana; Nemchenok, Igor; Thi, Minh Thuan Nguyen; Ning, Feipeng; Ning, Zhe; Nunokawa, Hiroshi; Oberauer, Lothar; Ochoa-Ricoux, Juan Pedro; Olshevskiy, Alexander; Orestano, Domizia; Ortica, Fausto; Othegraven, Rainer; Paoloni, Alessandro; Parmeggiano, Sergio; Pei, Yatian; Pelicci, Luca; Pelliccia, Nicomede; Peng, Anguo; Peng, Haiping; Peng, Yu; Peng, Zhaoyuan; Perrot, Frederic; Petitjean, Pierre-Alexandre; Petrucci, Fabrizio; Pilarczyk, Oliver; Rico, Luis Felipe Pineres; Popov, Artyom; Poussot, Pascal; Previtali, Ezio; Qi, Fazhi; Qi, Ming; Qian, Sen; Qian, Xiaohui; Qian, Zhen; Qiao, Hao; Qin, Zhonghua; Qiu, Shoukang; Ranucci, Gioacchino; Raper, Neill; Re, Alessandra; Rebber, Henning; Rebii, Abdel; Redchuk, Mariia; Ren, Bin; Ren, Jie; Ricci, Barbara; Rifai, Mariam; Roche, Mathieu; Rodphai, Narongkiat; Romani, Aldo; Roskovec, Bedrich; Ruan, Xichao; Rybnikov, Arseniy; Sadovsky, Andrey; Saggese, Paolo; Sanfilippo, Simone; Sangka, Anut; Sawangwit, Utane; Sawatzki, Julia; Schever, Michaela; Schwab, Cedric; Schweizer, Konstantin; Selyunin, Alexandr; Serafini, Andrea; Settanta, Giulio; Settimo, Mariangela; Shao, Zhuang; Sharov, Vladislav; Shaydurova, Arina; Shi, Jingyan; Shi, Yanan; Shutov, Vitaly; Sidorenkov, Andrey; Simkovic, Fedor; Sirignano, Chiara; Siripak, Jaruchit; Sisti, Monica; Slupecki, Maciej; Smirnov, Mikhail; Smirnov, Oleg; Sogo-Bezerra, Thiago; Sokolov, Sergey; Songwadhana, Julanan; Soonthornthum, Boonrucksar; Sotnikov, Albert; Sramek, Ondrej; Sreethawong, Warintorn; Stahl, Achim; Stanco, Luca; Stankevich, Konstantin; Stefanik, Dusan; Steiger, Hans; Steinmann, Jochen; Sterr, Tobias; Stock, Matthias Raphael; Strati, Virginia; Studenikin, Alexander; Su, Jun; Sun, Shifeng; Sun, Xilei; Sun, Yongjie; Sun, Yongzhao; Sun, Zhengyang; Suwonjandee, Narumon; Szelezniak, Michal; Tang, Jian; Tang, Qiang; Tang, Quan; Tang, Xiao; Theisen, Eric; Tietzsch, Alexander; Tkachev, Igor; Tmej, Tomas; Torri, Marco Danilo Claudio; Treskov, Konstantin; Triossi, Andrea; Troni, Giancarlo; Trzaska, Wladyslaw; Tuve, Cristina; Ushakov, Nikita; Vedin, Vadim; Verde, Giuseppe; Vialkov, Maxim; Viaud, Benoit; Vollbrecht, Cornelius Moritz; Volpe, Cristina; von Sturm, Katharina; Vorobel, Vit; Voronin, Dmitriy; Votano, Lucia; Walker, Pablo; Wang, Caishen; Wang, Chung-Hsiang; Wang, En; Wang, Guoli; Wang, Jian; Wang, Jun; Wang, Lu; Wang, Meifen; Wang, Meng; Wang, Ruiguang; Wang, Siguang; Wang, Wei; Wang, Wenshuai; Wang, Xi; Wang, Xiangyue; Wang, Yangfu; Wang, Yaoguang; Wang, Yi; Wang, Yifang; Wang, Yuanqing; Wang, Yuman; Wang, Zhe; Wang, Zheng; Wang, Zhimin; Wang, Zongyi; Watcharangkool, Apimook; Wei, Wei; Wei, Wenlu; Wei, Yadong; Wen, Kaile; Wen, Liangjian; Wiebusch, Christopher; Wong, Steven Chan-Fai; Wonsak, Bjoern; Wu, Diru; Wu, Qun; Wu, Zhi; Wurm, Michael; Wurtz, Jacques; Wysotzki, Christian; Xi, Yufei; Xia, Dongmei; Xiao, Xiang; Xie, Xiaochuan; Xie, Yuguang; Xie, Zhangquan; Xin, Zhao; Xing, Zhizhong; Xu, Benda; Xu, Cheng; Xu, Donglian; Xu, Fanrong; Xu, Hangkun; Xu, Jilei; Xu, Jing; Xu, Meihang; Xu, Yin; Xu, Yu; Yan, Baojun; Yan, Taylor; Yan, Wenqi; Yan, Xiongbo; Yan, Yupeng; Yang, Changgen; Yang, Chengfeng; Yang, Huan; Yang, Jie; Yang, Lei; Yang, Xiaoyu; Yang, Yifan; Yao, Haifeng; Ye, Jiaxuan; Ye, Mei; Ye, Ziping; Yermia, Frederic; Yin, Na; You, Zhengyun; Yu, Boxiang; Yu, Chiye; Yu, Chunxu; Yu, Hongzhao; Yu, Miao; Yu, Xianghui; Yu, Zeyuan; Yu, Zezhong; Yuan, Cenxi; Yuan, Chengzhuo; Yuan, Ying; Yuan, Zhenxiong; Yue, Baobiao; Zafar, Noman; Zavadskyi, Vitalii; Zeng, Shan; Zeng, Tingxuan; Zeng, Yuda; Zhan, Liang; Zhang, Aiqiang; Zhang, Bin; Zhang, Binting; Zhang, Feiyang; Zhang, Guoqing; Zhang, Honghao; Zhang, Jialiang; Zhang, Jiawen; Zhang, Jie; Zhang, Jin; Zhang, Jingbo; Zhang, Jinnan; Zhang, Mohan; Zhang, Peng; Zhang, Qingmin; Zhang, Shiqi; Zha, Shu
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Abstract
Main goal of the JUNO experiment is to determine the neutrino mass ordering using a 20kt liquid-scintillator detector. Its key feature is an excellent energy resolution of at least 3 % at 1 MeV, for which its instruments need to meet a certain quality and thus have to be fully characterized. More than 20,000 20-inch PMTs have been received and assessed by JUNO after a detailed testing program which began in 2017 and elapsed for about four years. Based on this mass characterization and a set of specific requirements, a good quality of all accepted PMTs could be ascertained. This paper presents the performed testing procedure with the designed testing systems as well as the statistical characteristics of all 20-inch PMTs intended to be used in the JUNO experiment, covering more than fifteen performance parameters including the photocathode uniformity. This constitutes the largest sample of 20-inch PMTs ever produced and studied in detail to date, i.e. 15,000 of the newly developed 20-inch MCP-PMTs from Northern Night Vision Technology Co. (NNVT) and 5,000 of dynode PMTs from Hamamatsu Photonics K. K.(HPK).