학술논문
Nanobeacon: A time calibration device for the KM3NeT neutrino telescope
Document Type
Working Paper
Author
Aiello, S.; Albert, A.; Alshamsi, M.; Garre, S. Alves; Aly, Z.; Ambrosone, A.; Ameli, F.; Andre, M.; Androulakis, G.; Anghinolfi, M.; Anguita, M.; Ardid, M.; Ardid, S.; Aublin, J.; Bagatelas, C.; Baret, B.; Pree, S. Basegmez du; Bendahman, M.; Benfenati, F.; Berbee, E.; Berg, A. M. van den; Bertine, V.; Biagi, S.; Boettcher, M.; Cabo, M. Bou; Boumaaza, J.; Bouta, M.; Bouwhuis, M.; Bozza, C.; Branza, H.; Bruijn, R.; Brunner, J.; Bruno, R.; Buis, E.; Buompane, R.; Busto, J.; Caiffi, B.; Calvo, D.; Campion, S.; Capone, A.; Carretero, V.; Castaldi, P.; Celli, S.; Chabab, M.; Chau, N.; Chena, A.; Cherubini, S.; Chiarella, V.; Chiarusi, T.; Circella, M.; Cocimano, R.; Coelho, J. A. B.; Coleiro, A.; Molla, M. Colomer; Coniglione, R.; Coyle, P.; Creusot, A.; Cruza, A.; Cuttone, G.; Dalliera, R.; De Martino, B.; Di Palma, I.; Diaz, A. F.; Tortosa, D. Diego; Distefano, C.; Domi, A.; Donzau, C.; Dornic, D.; Dorra, M.; Drouhin, D.; Eberla, T.; Eddyamoui, A.; van Eeden, T.; van Eijk, D.; Bojaddaini, I. El; Hedri, S. El; Enzenhofer, A.; Espinosa, V.; Fermani, P.; Ferrara, G.; Filipovic, M. D.; Filippini, F.; Fusco, L. A.; Gala, T.; Mendez, J. Garcia; Garufi, F.; Gatelet, Y.; Oliver, C. Gatius; Geisselbrecht, N.; Gialanella, L.; Giorgio, E.; Gozzini, S. R.; Gracia, R.; Grafa, K.; Grella, G.; Guderian, D.; Guidi, C.; Guillon, B.; Gutierrez, M.; Haefner, J.; Hallmann, S.; Hamdaoui, H.; van Harena, H.; Heijboer, A.; Hekaloa, A.; Henniga, L.; Hernandez-Rey, J. J.; Hofestadt, J.; Huang, F.; Ibnsalih, W. Idrissi; Illuminati, G.; James, C. W.; Janezashvili, D.; de Jong, M.; de Jong, P.; Jung, B. J.; Kalaczynski, P.; Kalekin, O.; Katz, U. F.; Chowdhury, N. R. Khan; Kistauri, G.; van der Knaap, F.; Kooijman, P.; Kouchner, A.; Kulikovskiy, V.; Labalme, M.; Lahmann, R.; Lamoureux, M.; Larosa, G.; Lastori, C.; Lazo, A.; Breton, R. Le; Stum, S. Le; Lehaut, G.; Leonardi, O.; Leone, F.; Leonora, E.; Lessing, N.; Levi, G.; Lincetto, M.; Clark, M. Lindsey; Lipreau, T.; Alvarez, C. LLorens; Longhitano, F.; Lopez-Coto, D.; Maderer, L.; Majumdar, J.; Manczak, J.; Margiotta, A.; Marinelli, A.; Markou, C.; Martina, L.; Martinez-Mora, J. A.; Martini, A.; Marzaioli, F.; Mastroianni, S.; Melis, K. W.; Miele, G.; Migliozzi, P.; Migneco, E.; Mijakowski, P.; Miranda, L. S.; Mollo, C. M.; Moser, M.; Moussa, A.; Muller, R.; Musumeci, M.; Nauta, L.; Navas, S.; Nicolau, C. A.; Nkosi, B.; OFearraigh, B.; OSullivan, M.; Organokov, M.; Orlando, A.; Gonzalez, J. Palacios; Papalashvilia, G.; Papaleo, R.; Paun, A. M.; Pavala, G. E.; Pellegrino, C.; Perrin-Terrin, M.; Pestel, V.; Piattelli, P.; Pieterse, C.; Pisanti, O.; Poire, C.; Popa, V.; Pradier, T.; Probsta, I.; Pulvirenti, S.; Quemenera, G.; Randazzo, N.; Razzaquea, S.; Real, D.; Recka, S.; Riccobene, G.; Romanov, A.; Rovelli, A.; Greus, F. Salesa; Samtlebe, D. F. E.; Losa, A. Sanchez; Sanguineti, M.; Santonocito, D.; Sapienza, P.; Schnabel, J.; Schneidera, M. F.; Schumann, J.; Schutte, H. M.; Seneca, J.; Sgura, I.; Shanidze, R.; Sharma, A.; Sinopoulou, A.; Spisso, B.; Spurio, M.; Stavropoulos, D.; Stellaccian, S. M.; Taiutik, M.; Tayalati, Y.; Thiersen, H.; Tingay, S.; Tsagkli, S.; Tsourapis, V.; Tzamariudaki, E.; Tzanetatos, D.; Van Elewyck, V.; Vasileiadis, G.; Versari, F.; Vivolo, D.; de Wasseige, G.; Wilmsa, J.; Wojaczynski, R.; de Wolf, E.; Yousfi, T.; Zavatarelli, S.; Zegarelli, A.; Zito, D.; Zornoza, J. D.; Zuniga, J.; Zywucka, N.
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Abstract
The KM3NeT Collaboration is currently constructing a multi-site high-energy neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea consisting of matrices of pressure-resistant glass spheres, each holding a set of 31 small-area photomultipliers. The main goals of the telescope are the observation of neutrino sources in the Universe and the measurement of the neutrino oscillation parameters with atmospheric neutrinos. Both extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos are detected through the Cherenkov light induced in seawater by charged particles produced in neutrino interactions in the surrounding medium. A relative time synchronization between photomultipliers of the order of 1 ns is needed to guarantee the required angular resolution of the detector. Due to the large detector volumes to be instrumented by KM3NeT, a cost reduction of the different systems is a priority. To this end, the inexpensive Nanobeacon has been designed and developed by the KM3NeT Collaboration to be used for detector time-calibration studies. At present, more than 600 Nanobeacons have been already produced. The characterization of the optical pulse and the wavelength emission profile of the devices are critical for the time calibration. In this paper, the main features of the Nanobeacon design, production and operation, together with the main properties of the light pulse generated are described.