학술논문
A Brief Technical History of the Large-Area Picosecond Photodetector (LAPPD) Collaboration
Document Type
Working Paper
Author
Adams, Bernhard W.; Attenkofer, Klaus; Bogdan, Mircea; Byrum, Karen; Elagin, Andrey; Elam, Jeffrey W.; Frisch, Henry J.; Genat, Jean-Francois; Grabas, Herve; Gregar, Joseph; Hahn, Elaine; Heintz, Mary; Insepov, Zinetula; Ivanov, Valentin; Jelinsky, Sharon; Jokely, Slade; Lee, Sun Wu; Mane, Anil. U.; McPhate, Jason; Minot, Michael J.; Murat, Pavel; Nishimura, Kurtis; Northrop, Richard; Obaid, Razib; Oberla, Eric; Ramberg, Erik; Ronzhin, Anatoly; Siegmund, Oswald H.; Sellberg, Gregory; Sullivan, Neal T.; Tremsin, Anton; Varner, Gary; Veryovkin, Igor; Vostrikov, Alexei; Wagner, Robert G.; Walters, Dean; Wang, Hsien-Hau; Wetstein, Matthew; Xi, Junqi; Yusov, Zikri; Zinovev, Alexander
Source
Subject
Language
Abstract
The Large Area Picosecond PhotoDetector (LAPPD) Collaboration was formed in 2009 to develop large-area photodetectors capable of time resolutions measured in pico-seconds, with accompanying sub-millimeter spatial resolution. During the next three and one-half years the Collaboration developed the LAPPD design of 20 x 20 cm modules with gains greater than $10^7$ and non-uniformity less than $15\%$, time resolution less than 50 psec for single photons and spatial resolution of 700~microns in both lateral dimensions. We describe the R\&D performed to develop large-area micro-channel plate glass substrates, resistive and secondary-emitting coatings, large-area bialkali photocathodes, and RF-capable hermetic packaging. In addition, the Collaboration developed the necessary electronics for large systems capable of precise timing, built up from a custom low-power 15-GigaSample/sec waveform sampling 6-channel integrated circuit and supported by a two-level modular data acquisition system based on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays for local control, data-sparcification, and triggering. We discuss the formation, organization, and technical successes and short-comings of the Collaboration. The Collaboration ended in December 2012 with a transition from R\&D to commercialization.