학술논문
Modeling the refractive index profile n(z) of polar ice for ultra-high energy neutrino experiments
Document Type
Working Paper
Author
Ali, S.; Allison, P.; Archambault, S.; Beatty, J. J.; Besson, D. Z.; Bishop, A.; Chen, P.; Chen, Y. C.; Clark, B. A.; Clay, W.; Connolly, A.; Couberly, K.; Cremonesi, L.; Cummings, A.; Dasgupta, P.; Debolt, R.; de Kockere, S.; de Vries, K. D.; Deaconu, C.; DuVernois, M. A.; Flaherty, J.; Friedman, E.; Gaior, R.; Giri, P.; Hanson, J.; Harty, N.; Hoffman, K. D.; Huang, J. J.; Huang, M. -H.; Hughes, K.; Ishihara, A.; Karle, A.; Kelley, J. L.; Kim, K. -C.; Kim, M. -C.; Kravchenko, I.; Krebs, R.; Kuo, C. Y.; Kurusu, K.; Latif, U. A.; Liu, C. H; Liu, T. C.; Luszczak, W.; Mase, K.; Muzio, M. S.; Nam, J.; Nichol, R. J.; Novikov, A.; Nozdrina, A.; Oberla, E.; Pan, Y.; Pfendner, C.; Punsuebsay, N.; Roth, J.; Salcedo-Gomez, A.; Seckel, D.; Seikh, M. F. H.; Shaio, Y. -S.; Smith, D.; Toscano, S.; Torres, J.; Touart, J.; van Eijndhoven, N.; Vieregg, A.; Wang, M. -Z.; Wang, S. -H.; Wissel, S. A.; Xie, C.; Yoshida, S.; Young, R.
Source
Subject
Language
Abstract
We develop an in-situ index of refraction profile using the transit time of radio signals broadcast from an englacial transmitter to 2-5 km distant radio-frequency receivers, deployed at depths up to 200 m. Maxwell's equations generally admit two ray propagation solutions from a given transmitter, corresponding to a direct path (D) and a refracted path (R); the measured D vs. R (dt(D,R)) timing differences provide constraints on the index of refraction profile near South Pole, where the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) neutrino observatory is located. We constrain the refractive index profile by simulating D and R ray paths via ray tracing and comparing those to measured dt(D,R) signals. Using previous ice density data as a proxy for n(z), we demonstrate that our data strongly favors a glaciologically-motivated three-phase densification model rather than a single exponential scale height model. Simulations show that the single exponential model overestimates ARA neutrino sensitivity compared to the three-phase model.