학술논문
ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- VII. A catalogue of SiO clumps from ACA observations
Document Type
Working Paper
Author
Liu, Rong; Liu, Tie; Chen, Gang; Liu, Hong-Li; Wang, Ke; Li, Jin-Zeng; Liu, Xun-Chuan; Lee, Chang Won; Goldsmith, Paul F.; Juvela, Mika; Garay, Guido; Bronfman, Leonardo; Baug, Tapas; He, Jinhua; Zhang, Si-Ju; Zhang, Yong; Xu, Feng-Wei; Soam, Archana; Shen, Zhi-Qiang; Li, Shanghuo; Dewangan, Lokesh; Eswaraiah, Chakali; Wu, Yue-Fang; Qin, Sheng-Li; Tóth, L. Viktor; Ren, Zhiyuan; Zhang, Guoyin; Tej, Anandmayee; Luo, Qiuyi; Zhou, Jianwen; Zhang, Chang
Source
Subject
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Abstract
To understand the nature of SiO emission, we conducted ACA observations of the SiO (2-1) lines toward 146 massive star-forming regions, as part of the ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions (ATOMS) survey. We detected SiO emission in 128 (87.7$\%$) sources and identified 171 SiO clumps, 105 of which are spatially separated from 3 mm continuum emission. A large amount of the SiO line profiles (60$\%$) are non-Gaussian. The velocity dispersion of the SiO lines ranges from 0.3 to 5.43 km s$^{-1}$. In 63 sources the SiO clumps are associated with H$_\rm{II}$ regions characterized by H40$\alpha$ emission. We find that 68$\%$ (116) of the SiO clumps are associated with strong outflows. The median velocity dispersion of the SiO line for outflow sources and non-outflow sources is 1.91 km s$^{-1}$ and 0.99 km s$^{-1}$, respectively. These results indicate that outflow activities could be connected to strongly shocked gas. The velocity dispersion and [SiO]/[H$^{13}$CO$^+$] intensity ratio do not show any correlation with the dust temperature and particle number density of clumps. We find a positive correlation between the SiO line luminosity and the bolometric luminosity, implying stronger shock activities are associated with more luminous proto-clusters. The SiO clumps in associations with H$_\rm{II}$ regions were found to show a steeper feature in $L_\rm{sio}$/$L_\rm{bol}$. The SiO line luminosity and the fraction of shocked gas have no apparent evidence of correlation with the evolutionary stages traced by luminosity to mass ratio ($L_\rm{bol}/M$).
Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures
Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures